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Evolution sculpts both the body plans and nervous systems of agents together over time. In contrast, in AI and robotics, a robot's body plan is usually designed by hand, and control policies are then optimized for that fixed design. The…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-12-14 Nick Cheney , Josh Bongard , Vytas SunSpiral , Hod Lipson

In the automated co-design of soft robots, precisely adapting the material stiffness field to task environments is crucial for unlocking their full physical potential. However, mainstream platforms (e.g., EvoGym) strictly discretize the…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Le Shen , Kangyao Huang , Wentao Zhao , Huaping Liu

Soft robots have the potential to revolutionize the use of robotic systems with their capability of establishing safe, robust, and adaptable interactions with their environment, but their precise control remains challenging. In contrast,…

Soft robots have proven to outperform traditional robots in applications related to propagation in geometrically constrained environments. Designing these robots and their controllers is an intricate task, since their building materials…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Hugo Alcaraz-Herrera , Michail-Antisthenis Tsompanas , Igor Balaz , Andrew Adamatzky

Soft robotics has emerged as a promising technology that holds great potential for various application areas. This is due to soft materials unique properties, including flexibility, safety, and shock absorption, among others. Despite many…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-08-12 Andrija Milojevic , Kyrre Glette

We present a computational design system that assists users to model, optimize, and fabricate quad-robots with soft skins.Our system addresses the challenging task of predicting their physical behavior by fully integrating the multibody…

Graphics · Computer Science 2019-07-02 Xudong Feng , Jiafeng Liu , Huamin Wang , Yin Yang , Hujun Bao , Bernd Bickel , Weiwei Xu

Precise kinematic modeling is critical in calibration and controller design for soft robots, yet remains a challenging issue due to their highly nonlinear and complex behaviors. To tackle the issue, numerous data-driven machine learning…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Zhanhong Jiang , Dylan Shah , Hsin-Jung Yang , Soumik Sarkar

Obtaining dynamic models of continuum soft robots is central to the analysis and control of soft robots, and researchers have devoted much attention to the challenge of proposing both data-driven and first-principle solutions. Both avenues…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-02-21 Ricardo Valadas , Maximilian Stölzle , Jingyue Liu , Cosimo Della Santina

Inspired by the vertebrate branch of the animal kingdom, articulated soft robots are robotic systems embedding elastic elements into a classic rigid (skeleton-like) structure. Leveraging on their bodies elasticity, soft robots promise to…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-09-06 Cosimo Della Santina , Dominic Lakatos , Antonio Bicchi , Alin Albu-Schäffer

Soft robots manufactured with flexible materials can be highly compliant and adaptive to their surroundings, which facilitates their application in areas such as dexterous manipulation and environmental exploration. This paper aims at…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-01 Renjie Ma , Ziyao Qu , Zhijian Hu , Dong Zhao , Marios M. Polycarpou

Roboticists have been seeking to address this situation in recent years through the use of soft robots. Unfortunately, identifying appropriate models for the complete analysis and investigation of soft robots for design and control purposes…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-05-24 Soheil Habibian , Benjamin B. Wheatley , Suehye Bae , Joon Shin , Keith W. Buffinton

This paper presents a topology-inspired morphological descriptor for soft continuum robots by combining a pseudo-rigid-body (PRB) model with Morse theory to achieve a quantitative characterization of robot morphologies. By counting critical…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-08-04 Zhiwei Wu , Siyi Wei , Jiahao Luo , Jinhui Zhang

This paper addresses the challenge of co-designing morphology and control in soft robots via a novel neural network evolution approach. We propose an innovative method to implicitly dual-encode soft robots, thus facilitating the…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-05-03 Lechen Zhang

Soft robots are typically approximated as low-dimensional systems, especially when learning-based methods are used. This leads to models that are limited in their capability to predict the large number of deformation modes and interactions…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-05-10 Thomas George Thuruthel , Fumiya Iida

Soft robotic manipulators offer operational advantage due to their compliant and deformable structures. However, their inherently nonlinear dynamics presents substantial challenges. Traditional analytical methods often depend on simplifying…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Uljad Berdica , Matthew Jackson , Niccolò Enrico Veronese , Jakob Foerster , Perla Maiolino

Real-time proprioception is a challenging problem for soft robots, which have almost infinite degrees-of-freedom in body deformation. When multiple actuators are used, it becomes more difficult as deformation can also occur on actuators…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-12-24 Rob B. N. Scharff , Guoxin Fang , Yingjun Tian , Jun Wu , Jo M. P. Geraedts , Charlie C. L. Wang

Soft robots are notoriously hard to control. This is partly due to the scarcity of models able to capture their complex continuum mechanics, resulting in a lack of control methodologies that take full advantage of body compliance. Currently…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-09-18 Noel Naughton , Jiarui Sun , Arman Tekinalp , Girish Chowdhary , Mattia Gazzola

Compliance is a strong requirement for human-robot interactions. Soft-robots provide an opportunity to cover the lack of compliance in conventional actuation mechanisms, however, the control of them is very challenging given their intrinsic…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-10-12 Mahmood Mazare , Silvia Tolu , Mostafa Taghizadeh

Fluidically actuated soft robots have promising capabilities such as inherent compliance and user safety. The control of soft robots needs to properly handle nonlinear actuation dynamics, motion constraints, workspace limitations, and…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-01-02 Filippo A. Spinelli , Robert K. Katzschmann

Exploring the design and control strategies of soft robots through simulation is highly attractive due to its cost-effectiveness. Although many existing models (e.g., finite element analysis) are effective for simulating soft robotic…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-08-21 Dezhong Tong , Zhuonan Hao , Mingchao Liu , Weicheng Huang