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Deep learning methods - consisting of a class of deep neural networks (DNNs) trained by a stochastic gradient descent (SGD) optimization method - are nowadays key tools to solve data driven supervised learning problems. Despite the great…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Thang Do , Sonja Hannibal , Arnulf Jentzen

Momentum based optimizers are central to a wide range of machine learning applications. These typically rely on an Exponential Moving Average (EMA) of gradients, which decays exponentially the present contribution of older gradients. This…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Matteo Pagliardini , Pierre Ablin , David Grangier

In recent years, large language models (LLMs) have made remarkable progress, with model optimization primarily relying on gradient-based optimizers such as Adam. However, these gradient-based methods impose stringent hardware requirements,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-24 WenTao Liu , Siyu Song , Hao Hao , Aimin Zhou

The Adam optimizer is a cornerstone of modern deep learning, yet the empirical necessity of each of its individual components is often taken for granted. This paper presents a focused investigation into the role of bias-correction, a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Sam Laing , Antonio Orvieto

Although adaptive optimization algorithms such as Adam show fast convergence in many machine learning tasks, this paper identifies a problem of Adam by analyzing its performance in a simple non-convex synthetic problem, showing that Adam's…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-05-06 Wenjie Li , Zhaoyang Zhang , Xinjiang Wang , Ping Luo

Despite the vast empirical evidence supporting the efficacy of adaptive optimization methods in deep learning, their theoretical understanding is far from complete. This work introduces novel SDEs for commonly used adaptive optimizers:…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Enea Monzio Compagnoni , Tianlin Liu , Rustem Islamov , Frank Norbert Proske , Antonio Orvieto , Aurelien Lucchi

Stochastic gradient descent (SGD) is an inherently sequential training algorithm--computing the gradient at batch $i$ depends on the model parameters learned from batch $i-1$. Prior approaches that break this dependence do not honor them…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-06-05 Saeed Maleki , Madan Musuvathi , Todd Mytkowicz , Olli Saarikivi , Tianju Xu , Vadim Eksarevskiy , Jaliya Ekanayake , Emad Barsoum

Large language models (LLMs) are notoriously memory-intensive during training, particularly with the popular AdamW optimizer. This memory burden necessitates using more or higher-end GPUs or reducing batch sizes, limiting training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Hanqing Zhu , Zhenyu Zhang , Wenyan Cong , Xi Liu , Sem Park , Vikas Chandra , Bo Long , David Z. Pan , Zhangyang Wang , Jinwon Lee

In this paper, we revisit stochastic gradient descent (SGD) with AdaGrad-type preconditioning. Our contributions are twofold. First, we develop a unified convergence analysis of SGD with adaptive preconditioning under anisotropic or matrix…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Dmitry Kovalev

The vast majority of modern deep learning models are trained with momentum-based first-order optimizers. The momentum term governs the optimizer's memory by determining how much each past gradient contributes to the current convergence…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Kristi Topollai , Anna Choromanska

Stochastic optimizers are central to deep learning, yet widely used methods such as Adam and Adan can degrade in non-stationary or noisy environments, partly due to their reliance on momentum-based magnitude estimates. We introduce Ano, a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Adrien Kegreisz

Fine-tuning language models (LMs) with the Adam optimizer often demands excessive memory, limiting accessibility. The "in-place" version of Stochastic Gradient Descent (IP-SGD) and Memory-Efficient Zeroth-order Optimizer (MeZO) have been…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Zeman Li , Xinwei Zhang , Peilin Zhong , Yuan Deng , Meisam Razaviyayn , Vahab Mirrokni

Normalization techniques are a boon for modern deep learning. They let weights converge more quickly with often better generalization performances. It has been argued that the normalization-induced scale invariance among the weights…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-19 Byeongho Heo , Sanghyuk Chun , Seong Joon Oh , Dongyoon Han , Sangdoo Yun , Gyuwan Kim , Youngjung Uh , Jung-Woo Ha

Federated learning on edge devices must cope with non-IID client data and tight memory budgets. Adaptive optimizers like Adam stabilize training under data heterogeneity but require storing full-precision momentum and variance states, often…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Vedant Waykole , Haroon R. Lone

Adam outperforms SGD when training language models. Yet this advantage is not well-understood theoretically -- previous convergence analysis for Adam and SGD mainly focuses on the number of steps $T$ and is already minimax-optimal in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Shuo Xie , Mohamad Amin Mohamadi , Zhiyuan Li

Hyperparameter tuning, particularly the selection of an appropriate learning rate in adaptive gradient training methods, remains a challenge. To tackle this challenge, in this paper, we propose a novel parameter-free optimizer,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Yijiang Pang , Shuyang Yu , Bao Hoang , Jiayu Zhou

The AdamW optimizer, while standard for LLM pretraining, is a critical memory bottleneck, consuming optimizer states equivalent to twice the model's size. Although light-state optimizers like SinkGD attempt to address this issue, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Wooin Lee , Hyun-Tae Kim

Stochastic gradient descent (SGD) optimization methods such as the plain vanilla SGD method and the popular Adam optimizer are nowadays the method of choice in the training of artificial neural networks (ANNs). Despite the remarkable…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-02-09 Arnulf Jentzen , Adrian Riekert

We present a class of novel optimisers for training neural networks that makes use of the Riemannian metric naturally induced when the loss landscape is embedded in higher-dimensional space. This is the same metric that underlies common…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Thomas R. Harvey

Many popular first-order optimization methods (e.g., Momentum, AdaGrad, Adam) accelerate the convergence rate of deep learning models. However, these algorithms require auxiliary parameters, which cost additional memory proportional to the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-02-27 Ryan Spring , Anastasios Kyrillidis , Vijai Mohan , Anshumali Shrivastava