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The success of deep learning can be attributed to various factors such as increase in computational power, large datasets, deep convolutional neural networks, optimizers etc. Particularly, the choice of optimizer affects the generalization,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-10 Anirudh Maiya , Inumella Sricharan , Anshuman Pandey , Srinivas K. S

Adam has proven remarkable successful in training deep neural networks, but the mechanisms underlying its empirical successes and limitations remain underexplored. In this study, we demonstrate that the effectiveness of Adam stems largely…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Hanyang Peng , Shuang Qin , Yue Yu , Fangqing Jiang , Hui Wang , Wen Gao

We introduce Adam, an algorithm for first-order gradient-based optimization of stochastic objective functions, based on adaptive estimates of lower-order moments. The method is straightforward to implement, is computationally efficient, has…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-01-31 Diederik P. Kingma , Jimmy Ba

We introduce a new method inspired by Adam that enhances convergence speed and achieves better loss function minima. Traditional optimizers, including Adam, apply uniform or globally adjusted learning rates across neural networks without…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Remi Genet , Hugo Inzirillo

Adaptive gradient methods, such as Adam and LAMB, have demonstrated excellent performance in the training of large language models. Nevertheless, the need for adaptivity requires maintaining second-moment estimates of the per-parameter…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-08 Yang Luo , Xiaozhe Ren , Zangwei Zheng , Zhuo Jiang , Xin Jiang , Yang You

Training large language models (LLMs) relies on adaptive optimizers such as Adam, which introduce extra operations and require significantly more memory to maintain first- and second-order moments than SGD. While recent works such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Athanasios Glentis , Jiaxiang Li , Andi Han , Mingyi Hong

Solving a problem with a deep learning model requires researchers to optimize the loss function with a certain optimization method. The research community has developed more than a hundred different optimizers, yet there is scarce data on…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-03-08 Dmitry Pasechnyuk , Anton Prazdnichnykh , Mikhail Evtikhiev , Timofey Bryksin

Atomistic foundation models constitute a paradigm shift in computational materials science by providing universal machine-learned interatomic potentials with broad transferability across chemical spaces. Although fine-tuning is essential…

Computational Physics · Physics 2025-12-08 Xiaoqing Liu , Yangshuai Wang , Teng Zhao

Adam is the go-to optimizer for training modern machine learning models, but it requires additional memory to maintain the moving averages of the gradients and their squares. While various low-memory optimizers have been proposed that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-19 Dayal Singh Kalra , John Kirchenbauer , Maissam Barkeshli , Tom Goldstein

Most popular optimizers for deep learning can be broadly categorized as adaptive methods (e.g. Adam) and accelerated schemes (e.g. stochastic gradient descent (SGD) with momentum). For many models such as convolutional neural networks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-22 Juntang Zhuang , Tommy Tang , Yifan Ding , Sekhar Tatikonda , Nicha Dvornek , Xenophon Papademetris , James S. Duncan

Adaptive gradient methods such as Adam have gained extreme popularity due to their success in training complex neural networks and less sensitivity to hyperparameter tuning compared to SGD. However, it has been recently shown that Adam can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-11 Pedro Savarese

In recent years, deep learning has achieved remarkable success in various fields such as image recognition, natural language processing, and speech recognition. The effectiveness of deep learning largely depends on the optimization methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-25 David Shulman

Adaptive optimization methods such as AdaGrad, RMSprop and Adam have been proposed to achieve a rapid training process with an element-wise scaling term on learning rates. Though prevailing, they are observed to generalize poorly compared…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-04-22 Liangchen Luo , Yuanhao Xiong , Yan Liu , Xu Sun

The success of the Adam optimizer on a wide array of architectures has made it the default in settings where stochastic gradient descent (SGD) performs poorly. However, our theoretical understanding of this discrepancy is lagging,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-28 Frederik Kunstner , Jacques Chen , Jonathan Wilder Lavington , Mark Schmidt

First-order optimization methods are currently the mainstream in training deep neural networks (DNNs). Optimizers like Adam incorporate limited curvature information by employing the diagonal matrix preconditioning of the stochastic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Damien Martins Gomes , Yanlei Zhang , Eugene Belilovsky , Guy Wolf , Mahdi S. Hosseini

Optimization plays a costly and crucial role in developing machine learning systems. In learned optimizers, the few hyperparameters of commonly used hand-designed optimizers, e.g. Adam or SGD, are replaced with flexible parametric…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-19 Luke Metz , C. Daniel Freeman , James Harrison , Niru Maheswaranathan , Jascha Sohl-Dickstein

Gradient descent (GD) based optimization methods are these days the standard tools to train deep neural networks in artificial intelligence systems. In optimization procedures in deep learning the employed optimizer is often not the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-09-24 Steffen Dereich , Robin Graeber , Arnulf Jentzen , Adrian Riekert

Despite the popularity of the Adam optimizer in practice, most theoretical analyses study Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) as a proxy for Adam, and little is known about how the solutions found by Adam differ. In this paper, we show that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Xinghan Li , Haodong Wen , Kaifeng Lyu

Deep learning algorithms - typically consisting of a class of deep neural networks trained by a stochastic gradient descent (SGD) optimization method - are nowadays the key ingredients in many artificial intelligence (AI) systems and have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-12 Steffen Dereich , Robin Graeber , Arnulf Jentzen

We investigate the role of the optimizer in determining the quality of the model fit for neural networks with a small to medium number of parameters. We study the performance of Adam, an algorithm for first-order gradient-based optimization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-17 John Taylor , Wenyi Wang , Biswajit Bala , Tomasz Bednarz