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Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is essential for ensuring the reliability of deep learning models operating in open-world scenarios. Current OOD detectors mainly rely on statistical models to identify unusual patterns in the latent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Konstantin Kirchheim , Frank Ortmeier

Out-of-Distribution (OoD) detection aims to justify whether a given sample is from the training distribution of the classifier-under-protection, i.e., In-Distribution (InD), or from OoD. Diffusion Models (DMs) are recently utilized in OoD…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-20 Kun Fang , Qinghua Tao , Zuopeng Yang , Xiaolin Huang , Jie Yang

It is important to quantify the uncertainty of input samples, especially in mission-critical domains such as autonomous driving and healthcare, where failure predictions on out-of-distribution (OOD) data are likely to cause big problems.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-27 Yong Hyun Ahn , Gyeong-Moon Park , Seong Tae Kim

Our goal in this paper is to exploit heteroscedastic temperature scaling as a calibration strategy for out of distribution (OOD) detection. Heteroscedasticity here refers to the fact that the optimal temperature parameter for each sample…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-05 Rushil Anirudh , Jayaraman J. Thiagarajan

Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection is crucial for the reliable deployment of machine learning models in-the-wild, enabling accurate identification of test samples that differ from the training data distribution. Existing methods rely on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Ruisong Han , Zongbo Han , Jiahao Zhang , Mingyue Cheng , Changqing Zhang

Neural network-based radio receivers are expected to play a key role in future wireless systems, making reliable Out-Of-Distribution (OOD) detection essential. We propose a post-hoc, layerwise OOD framework based on channelwise feature…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Marko Tuononen , Heikki Penttinen , Duy Vu , Dani Korpi , Vesa Starck , Ville Hautamäki

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is indispensable for deploying reliable machine learning systems in real-world scenarios. Recent works, using auxiliary outliers in training, have shown good potential. However, they seldom concern the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Yutian Lei , Luping Ji , Pei Liu

Deep neural networks (DNNs) deployed in real-world applications can encounter out-of-distribution (OOD) data and adversarial examples. These represent distinct forms of distributional shifts that can significantly impact DNNs' reliability…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Naveen Karunanayake , Ravin Gunawardena , Suranga Seneviratne , Sanjay Chawla

This paper presents a principled approach for detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) samples in deep neural networks (DNN). Modeling probability distributions on deep features has recently emerged as an effective, yet computationally cheap…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-09 Ibrahima Ndiour , Nilesh Ahuja , Omesh Tickoo

Detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs is a principal task for ensuring the safety of deploying deep-neural-network classifiers in open-set scenarios. OOD samples can be drawn from arbitrary distributions and exhibit deviations from…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-11 Choubo Ding , Guansong Pang

Training robust deep learning models is crucial in Earth Observation, where globally deployed models often face distribution shifts that degrade performance, especially in low-data regions. Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection addresses this…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-10 Burak Ekim , Girmaw Abebe Tadesse , Caleb Robinson , Gilles Hacheme , Michael Schmitt , Rahul Dodhia , Juan M. Lavista Ferres

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is a crucial task for deploying deep learning models in the wild. One of the major challenges is that well-trained deep models tend to perform over-confidence on unseen test data. Recent research attempts…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Mingrong Gong , Chaoqi Chen , Qingqiang Sun , Yue Wang , Hui Huang

This paper introduces a novel approach to securing machine learning model deployments against potential distribution shifts in practical applications, the Total Variation Out-of-Distribution (TV-OOD) detection method. Existing methods have…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Dabiao Ma , Zhiba Su , Jian Yang , Haojun Fei

When presented with Out-of-Distribution (OOD) examples, deep neural networks yield confident, incorrect predictions. Detecting OOD examples is challenging, and the potential risks are high. In this paper, we propose to detect OOD examples…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-10 Chandramouli Shama Sastry , Sageev Oore

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detectors can act as safety monitors in embedded cyber-physical systems by identifying samples outside a machine learning model's training distribution to prevent potentially unsafe actions. However, OOD detectors…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Aditya Bansal , Michael Yuhas , Arvind Easwaran

Recent studies have addressed the concern of detecting and rejecting the out-of-distribution (OOD) samples as a major challenge in the safe deployment of deep learning (DL) models. It is desired that the DL model should only be confident…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-10-18 Umar Khalid , Ashkan Esmaeili , Nazmul Karim , Nazanin Rahnavard

Despite recent advancements in out-of-distribution (OOD) detection, most current studies assume a class-balanced in-distribution training dataset, which is rarely the case in real-world scenarios. This paper addresses the challenging task…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-15 Tong Wei , Bo-Lin Wang , Min-Ling Zhang

Neural networks often make overconfident predictions from out-of-distribution (OOD) samples. Detection of OOD data is therefore crucial to improve the safety of machine learning. The simplest and most powerful method for OOD detection is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-02 Hikaru Shijo , Yutaka Yoshihama , Kenichi Yadani , Norifumi Murata

The task of out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is notoriously ill-defined. Earlier works focused on new-class detection, aiming to identify label-altering data distribution shifts, also known as "semantic shift." However, recent works…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-20 William Yang , Byron Zhang , Olga Russakovsky

We consider the problem of detecting OoD(Out-of-Distribution) input data when using deep neural networks, and we propose a simple yet effective way to improve the robustness of several popular OoD detection methods against label shift. Our…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-04 Matteo Guarrera , Baihong Jin , Tung-Wei Lin , Maria Zuluaga , Yuxin Chen , Alberto Sangiovanni-Vincentelli