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Galaxy observations suggest that mergers of supermassive black hole binaries (SMBHBs) are rare events, with rates of order one per decade across the observable Universe. We present a framework to search for merging SMBHBs in pulsar timing…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2026-04-17 Sharon Mary Tomson , Boris Goncharov , Rutger van Haasteren

Space-borne gravitational wave (GW) detectors can detect the merger of massive black holes. The early warning and localization of GW events before merging can be used to inform electromagnetic telescopes and conduct multimessenger…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-06-17 Hong-Yu Chen , Xiang-Yu Lyu , En-Kun Li , Yi-Ming Hu

The environment surrounding supermassive black holes (SMBHs) in galactic nuclei (GNs) is expected to harbour stellar-mass binary black hole (BBH) populations. These binaries were suggested to form a hierarchical triple system with the SMBH,…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2022-12-21 László Gondán

Gravitational waves (GWs) from massive black hole (MBH) mergers will provide a novel way to probe the high-redshift universe and are key to understanding galactic dynamics and evolution. In this work, we analyze MBH mergers, their GW…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-11-19 Sourabh Magare , Abhinav Roy , Shasvath J. Kapadia , Nishikanta Khandai , R. Srianand

The population of stellar origin black hole binaries (SOBHBs) detected by existing ground-based gravitational wave detectors is an exciting target for the future space-based Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA). LISA is sensitive to…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-08-09 Matthew C. Digman , Neil J. Cornish

We systematically investigate the source confusion of massive black hole binaries (MBHBs) for the Taiji space-based gravitational wave mission. Source confusion, arising from the overlap of signals in both time and frequency domains, can…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-11-12 Qing Diao , Hongxin Wang , Manjia Liang , He Wang , Ziren Luo , Minghui Du , Peng Xu

Gravitational wave detectors are observing an increasing number of binary black hole (BBH) mergers, revealing a bimodal mass distribution of BBHs, which hints at diverse formation histories for these systems. Using the rapid binary…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-10-10 Lei Li , Guoliang Lv , Chunhua Zhu , Sufen Guo , Hongwei Ge , Weimin Gu , Zhuowen Li , Xiaolong He

Beyond LISA, proposed space-based gravitational wave (GW) missions aim to explore the sub-millihertz to microhertz frequency band, with one key objective being the detection of massive binary black hole (MBBH) mergers across cosmic…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-09-25 Renjie Wang , Yumeng Xu , Gang Wang , Bin Hu , Rong-Gen Cai

In this work we focus on the search and detection of Massive black hole binary (MBHB) systems, including systems at high redshift. As well as expanding on previous works where we used a variant of Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC), called…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2010-10-27 Neil J. Cornish , Edward K. Porter

The planned Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) is expected to detect the inspiral and merger of massive black hole binaries (MBHBs) at z <~ 5 with signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) of hundreds to thousands. Because of these high SNRs,…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2008-11-26 Curt Cutler , Michele Vallisneri

We present a novel Machine Learning (ML) based strategy to search for binary black hole (BBH) mergers in data from ground-based gravitational wave (GW) observatories. This is the first ML-based search that not only recovers all the compact…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-09-29 Shreejit Jadhav , Nikhil Mukund , Bhooshan Gadre , Sanjit Mitra , Sheelu Abraham

Massive black-hole (MBH) binaries, which are expected to form following the merger of their parent galaxies, produce gravitational waves which will be detectable by Pulsar Timing Arrays at nanohertz frequencies (year periods). While no…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2019-03-13 Luke Zoltan Kelley , Zoltán Haiman , Alberto Sesana , Lars Hernquist

Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) will routinely observe coalescences of supermassive black hole (BH) binaries up to very high redshifts. LISA can measure mass parameters of such coalescences to a relative accuracy of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-11-11 K G Arun

Gravitational wave (GW) detection has enabled us to test General Relativity in an entirely new regime. A prominent role in tests of General Relativity takes the detection of the Quasi-normal modes (QNMs) that arise as the highly distorted…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-05-29 Alejandro Torres-Orjuela

Massive black hole binaries (MBHBs) are expected to form at the centre of merging galaxies during the hierarchical assembly of the cosmic structure, and are expected to be the loudest sources of gravitational waves (GWs) in the low…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2018-06-14 Matteo Bonetti , Francesco Haardt , Alberto Sesana , Enrico Barausse

We present an overview of recent numerical advances in the theoretical characterization of massive binary black hole (MBBH) mergers in astrophysical environments. These systems are among the loudest sources of gravitational waves (GWs) in…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2024-01-08 Federico Cattorini , Bruno Giacomazzo

We test the potential of Bayesian synthesis of upcoming multi-instrument data to extract orbital parameters and individual light curves of close binary supermassive black holes (CB-SMBH) with subparsec separations. Next generation (ng)…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2024-04-29 Andjelka B. Kovacevic , Yu-Yang Songsheng , Jian-Min Wang , Luka C. Popovic

Binaries of supermassive black holes (MBHBs) represent the primary sources of the gravitational wave background (GWB) detectable by Pulsar Timing Arrays (PTAs). The eccentricity with which binaries form in galactic mergers is the key…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2026-01-06 Alessia Gualandris , Justin Read , Federica Fastidio , Julian Chan , Thibaut François , Nader Khonji , Walter Dehnen

We present a novel machine learning framework tailored to detect massive black hole binaries observed by spaceborne gravitational wave detectors like the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) and predict their future merger times. The…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2024-05-21 Niklas Houba , Stefan H. Strub , Luigi Ferraioli , Domenico Giardini

We compute the expected low-frequency gravitational wave signal from coalescing massive black hole (MBH) binaries at the center of galaxies. We follow the merging history of halos and associated holes via cosmological Monte Carlo…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-10 A. Sesana , F. Haardt , P. Madau , M. Volonteri