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Transformer-based models, such as BERT, have been widely applied in a wide range of natural language processing tasks. However, one inevitable side effect is that they require massive memory storage and inference cost when deployed in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-12-13 Jianwei Li , Tianchi Zhang , Ian En-Hsu Yen , Dongkuan Xu

Post-training quantization of Large Language Models (LLMs) is challenging. In this work, we introduce Low-rank Quantization Error Reduction (LQER), which combines quantization and low-rank approximation to recover the model capability. LQER…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-31 Cheng Zhang , Jianyi Cheng , George A. Constantinides , Yiren Zhao

As large language models continue to scale, low-bit weight-only post-training quantization (PTQ) offers a practical solution to their memory-efficient deployment. Although block-wise PTQ is capable of matching the full-precision (FP)…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Jung Hyun Lee , June Yong Yang , Jungwook Choi , Eunho Yang

Many LLM applications require only narrow capabilities, yet standard post-training quantization (PTQ) methods allocate precision without considering the target task. This can waste bits on layers that are less relevant to the task signal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Amit LeVi , Raz Lapid , Rom Himelstein , Chaim Baskin , Ravid Shwartz Ziv , Avi Mendelson

Transformer-based architectures have become the de-facto standard models for a wide range of Natural Language Processing tasks. However, their memory footprint and high latency are prohibitive for efficient deployment and inference on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-28 Yelysei Bondarenko , Markus Nagel , Tijmen Blankevoort

This paper proposes a training method having multiple cyclic training for achieving enhanced performance in low-bit quantized convolutional neural networks (CNNs). Quantization is a popular method for obtaining lightweight CNNs, where the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-06-28 HyunJin Kim , Jungwoo Shin , Alberto A. Del Barrio

Weight quantization is used to deploy high-performance deep learning models on resource-limited hardware, enabling the use of low-precision integers for storage and computation. Spiking neural networks (SNNs) share the goal of enhancing…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-05-01 Sreyes Venkatesh , Razvan Marinescu , Jason K. Eshraghian

Post-Training Quantization (PTQ) is pivotal for deploying large language models (LLMs) within resource-limited settings by significantly reducing resource demands. However, existing PTQ strategies underperform at low bit levels < 3 bits due…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-31 Wanlong Liu , Yichen Xiao , Dingyi Zeng , Hongyang Zhao , Wenyu Chen , Malu Zhang

Rotation-based Post-Training Quantization (PTQ) has emerged as a promising solution for mitigating activation outliers in the quantization of Large Language Models (LLMs). Global rotation methods achieve inference efficiency by fusing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Suyoung Kim , Sunghyun Wee , Hyeonjin Kim , Kyomin Hwang , Hyunho Lee , Nojun Kwak

Recently, post-training quantization (PTQ) has driven much attention to produce efficient neural networks without long-time retraining. Despite its low cost, current PTQ works tend to fail under the extremely low-bit setting. In this study,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-02-22 Xiuying Wei , Ruihao Gong , Yuhang Li , Xianglong Liu , Fengwei Yu

Convolutional neural networks require significant memory bandwidth and storage for intermediate computations, apart from substantial computing resources. Neural network quantization has significant benefits in reducing the amount of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-05-30 Ron Banner , Yury Nahshan , Elad Hoffer , Daniel Soudry

Quantization has become a predominant approach for model compression, enabling deployment of large models trained on GPUs onto smaller form-factor devices for inference. Quantization-aware training (QAT) optimizes model parameters with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-13 Zheng Wang , Juncheng B Li , Shuhui Qu , Florian Metze , Emma Strubell

Motivated by the huge success of Transformers in the field of natural language processing (NLP), Vision Transformers (ViTs) have been rapidly developed and achieved remarkable performance in various computer vision tasks. However, their…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Huihong Shi , Haikuo Shao , Wendong Mao , Zhongfeng Wang

Generative Pre-trained Transformer models, known as GPT or OPT, set themselves apart through breakthrough performance across complex language modelling tasks, but also by their extremely high computational and storage costs. Specifically,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-23 Elias Frantar , Saleh Ashkboos , Torsten Hoefler , Dan Alistarh

Post-training quantization (PTQ) has been gaining popularity for the deployment of deep neural networks on resource-limited devices since unlike quantization-aware training, neither a full training dataset nor end-to-end training is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-17 Jung Hyun Lee , Jeonghoon Kim , Se Jung Kwon , Dongsoo Lee

Serving Large Language Models (LLMs) is costly. However, post-training weight quantization can address this problem by both compressing their sizes for limited memory and saving bandwidth for acceleration. As not all weight dimensions are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Yuezhou Hu , Weiyu Huang , Zichen Liang , Chang Chen , Jintao Zhang , Jun Zhu , Jianfei Chen

Low-bit quantization has become widespread for compressing image super-resolution (SR) models for edge deployment, which allows advanced SR models to enjoy compact low-bit parameters and efficient integer/bitwise constructions for storage…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-06-12 Kai Liu , Haotong Qin , Yong Guo , Xin Yuan , Linghe Kong , Guihai Chen , Yulun Zhang

Efficiently serving neural network models with low latency is becoming more challenging due to increasing model complexity and parameter count. Model quantization offers a solution which simultaneously reduces memory footprint and compute…

Post-training quantization (PTQ) is a promising solution for deploying large language models (LLMs) on resource-constrained devices. Early methods developed for small-scale networks, such as ResNet, rely on gradient-based optimization,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Junhan Kim , Ho-young Kim , Eulrang Cho , Chungman Lee , Joonyoung Kim , Yongkweon Jeon

As emerging hardware begins to support mixed bit-width arithmetic computation, mixed-precision quantization is widely used to reduce the complexity of neural networks. However, Vision Transformers (ViTs) require complex self-attention…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-12 Junrui Xiao , Zhikai Li , Lianwei Yang , Qingyi Gu