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Decisions made by convolutional neural networks(CNN) can be understood and explained by visualizing discriminative regions on images. To this end, Class Activation Map (CAM) based methods were proposed as powerful interpretation tools,…
Class Activation Mapping (CAM) is a powerful technique used to understand the decision making of Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) in computer vision. Recently, there have been attempts not only to generate better visual explanations, but…
Deep Learning has revolutionized machine learning, reaching unprecedented levels of accuracy, but at the cost of reduced interpretability. Especially in image processing systems, deep networks transform local pixel information into more…
Increasing demands for understanding the internal behavior of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have led to remarkable improvements in explanation methods. Particularly, several class activation mapping (CAM) based methods, which…
The need for Explainable AI is increasing with the development of deep learning. The saliency maps derived from convolutional neural networks generally fail in localizing with accuracy the image features justifying the network prediction.…
Deep neural networks are ubiquitous due to the ease of developing models and their influence on other domains. At the heart of this progress is convolutional neural networks (CNNs) that are capable of learning representations or features…
Visual explanation maps enhance the trustworthiness of decisions made by deep learning models and offer valuable guidance for developing new algorithms in image recognition tasks. Class activation maps (CAM) and their variants (e.g.,…
The class activation mapping, or CAM, has been the cornerstone of feature attribution methods for multiple vision tasks. Its simplicity and effectiveness have led to wide applications in the explanation of visual predictions and…
Deep neural networks have been widely adopted in numerous domains due to their high performance and accessibility to developers and application-specific end-users. Fundamental to image-based applications is the development of Convolutional…
In this paper two new learning-based eXplainable AI (XAI) methods for deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) image classifiers, called L-CAM-Fm and L-CAM-Img, are proposed. Both methods use an attention mechanism that is inserted in the…
Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) achieve prevailing results in segmentation tasks nowadays and represent the state-of-the-art for image-based analysis. However, the understanding of the accurate decision-making process of a CNN is…
Class activation maps are widely used for explaining deep neural networks. Due to its ability to highlight regions of interest, it has evolved in recent years as a key step in weakly supervised learning. A major limitation to the…
Methods based on class activation maps (CAM) provide a simple mechanism to interpret predictions of convolutional neural networks by using linear combinations of feature maps as saliency maps. By contrast, masking-based methods optimize a…
Although saliency maps can highlight important regions to explain the reasoning behind image classification in artificial intelligence (AI), the meaning of these regions is left to the user's interpretation. In contrast, conceptbased…
Deep Neural Networks have often been called the black box because of the complex, deep architecture and non-transparency presented by the inner layers. There is a lack of trust to use Artificial Intelligence in critical and high-precision…
Interpretation of deep learning remains a very challenging problem. Although the Class Activation Map (CAM) is widely used to interpret deep model predictions by highlighting object location, it fails to provide insight into the salient…
Class Activation Mapping (CAM) and its gradient-based variants (e.g., GradCAM) have become standard tools for explaining Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) predictions. However, these approaches typically focus on individual logits, while…
Labeled data used for training activity recognition classifiers are usually limited in terms of size and diversity. Thus, the learned model may not generalize well when used in real-world use cases. Semi-supervised learning augments labeled…
With the growing demand for interpretable deep learning models, this paper introduces Integrative CAM, an advanced Class Activation Mapping (CAM) technique aimed at providing a holistic view of feature importance across Convolutional Neural…
The Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is a widely used deep learning architecture for computer vision. However, its black box nature makes it difficult to interpret the behavior of the model. To mitigate this issue, AI practitioners have…