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Will Wi-Fi 7, conceived to support extremely high throughput, also deliver consistently low delay? The best hope seems to lie in allowing next-generation devices to access multiple channels via multi-link operation (MLO). In this paper, we…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2022-10-17 Marc Carrascosa-Zamacois , Giovanni Geraci , Lorenzo Galati-Giordano , Anders Jonsson , Boris Bellalta

Since its first release in the late 1990s, Wi-Fi has been updated to keep up with evolving user needs. Recently, Wi-Fi and other radio access technologies have been pushed to their edge when serving Augmented Reality (AR) applications. AR…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-04-05 Molham Alsakati , Charlie Pettersson , Sebastian Max , Vishnu Narayanan Moothedath , James Gross

Multi-Link Operation (MLO) in Wi-Fi 7 is expected to tangibly boost throughput while lowering transmission latency at the same time. This is very relevant in industrial scenarios and makes MLO suitable, e.g., to support seamless device…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-11-20 Matteo Rosani , Gianluca Cena , Dave Cavalcanti , Valerio Frascolla , Guido Marchetto , Stefano Scanzio

Wi-Fi 7 introduces Multi-link operation (MLO) to enhance throughput and latency performance compared to legacy Wi-Fi standards. MLO enables simultaneous transmission and reception through multiple links, departing from conventional…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Suhwan Jung , Seokwoo Choi , Youngkeun Yoon , Ho-kyung Son , Hyoil Kim

In this article, we investigate the real-world capability of the multi-link operation (MLO) framework -- one of the key MAC-layer features included in the IEEE 802.11be amendment -- by using a large dataset containing 5 GHz spectrum…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-05-04 Marc Carrascosa , Giovanni Geraci , Edward Knightly , Boris Bellalta

This project compares the performance of simultaneous transmit and receive (STR) and enhanced multi-link single radio (EMLSR) within Multi-Link Operation (MLO) in Wi-Fi 7 networks. Using the ns-3 simulator, we evaluate both techniques under…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-01-09 Aishwarya Choorakuzhiyil , Kevin Ho , Sara Reyes

The increase in the demand for eXtended Reality (XR)/Virtual Reality (VR) services in the recent years, poses a great challenge for Wi-Fi networks to maintain the strict latency requirements. In VR over Wi-Fi, latency is a significant…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-08-19 Seyedeh Soheila Shaabanzadeh , Marc Carrascosa-Zamacois , Juan Sánchez-González , Costas Michaelides , Boris Bellalta

Wi-Fi 7 is already in the making, and Multi-Link Operation (MLO) is one of the main features proposed in its correspondent IEEE 802.11be amendment. MLO will allow devices to coordinate multiple radio interfaces to access separate channels…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2022-08-08 Marc Carrascosa-Zamacois , Lorenzo Galati-Giordano , Anders Jonsson , Giovanni Geraci , Boris Bellalta

Will Multi-Link Operation (MLO) be able to improve the latency of Wi-Fi networks? MLO is one of the most disruptive MAC-layer techniques included in the IEEE 802.11be amendment. It allows a device to use multiple radios simultaneously and…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2021-11-19 Marc Carrascosa , Giovanni Geraci , Edward Knightly , Boris Bellalta

Multi-link Operation (MLO), arguably the most disruptive feature introduced in IEEE 802.11be, will cater for delay-sensitive applications by using multiple radio interfaces concurrently. In this paper, we analyze the delay distribution of…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-03-08 Boris Bellalta , Marc Carrascosa , Lorenzo Galati-Giordano , Giovanni Geraci

To support future diverse applications, multi-link operation (MLO) has been introduced in the Wi-Fi 7 standard (IEEE 802.11be) to enable concurrent communication over multiple frequency bands. This new capability relies on a two-tier medium…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Zhang Liu , Xianbin Wang , Shumin Lian , Lianfen Huang , Liqun Fu , Ying-Jun Angela Zhang

IEEE 802.11be (Wi-Fi 7) introduces Multi-Link Operation (MLO) as a While MLO offers significant parallelism and capacity, realizing its full potential in guaranteeing strict delay bounds and optimizing Quality of Service (QoS) for diverse,…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Peini Yi , Wenchi Cheng , Jingqing Wang , Jinzhe Pan , Yuehui Ouyang , Wei Zhang

Cloud-based Virtual Reality (VR) streaming presents significant challenges for 802.11 networks due to its high throughput and low latency requirements. When multiple VR users share a Wi-Fi network, the resulting uplink and downlink traffic…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Ferran Maura , Francesc Wilhelmi , Boris Bellalta

Besides extremely high throughput, Wi-Fi 7 is also aimed at providing users a more deterministic behavior, characterized by shorter average latency and smaller jitters. A key mechanism to achieve this is multi-link operation, which brings…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-11-21 Gianluca Cena , Matteo Rosani , Stefano Scanzio

Extended Reality (XR)-aided teleoperation has shown its potential in improving operating efficiency in mission-critical, rich-information and complex scenarios. The multi-sensory XR devices introduce several new types of traffic with unique…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-11-19 Fenghe Hu , Yansha Deng , Hui Zhou , Tae Hun Jung , Chan-Byoung Chae , A. Hamid Aghvami

Ultra-reliable, low latency communications (URLLC) are currently attracting significant attention due to the emergence of mission-critical applications and device-centric communication. URLLC will entail a fundamental paradigm shift from…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-10-30 Jesus Arnau , Marios Kountouris

Wireless support of virtual reality (VR) has challenges when a network has multiple users, particularly for 3D VR gaming, digital AI avatars, and remote team collaboration. This work addresses these challenges through investigation of the…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-07-28 Muhammad Ahmed Mohsin , Sagnik Bhattacharya , Abhiram Gorle , Muhammad Ali Jamshed , John M. Cioffi

The multi-link operation (MLO) is a new feature proposed to be part of the IEEE 802.11be Extremely High Throughput (EHT) amendment. Such feature represents a paradigm shift towards multi-link communications, as nodes will be allowed to…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2022-01-20 Álvaro López-Raventós , Boris Bellalta

The multi-link operation (MLO) is a key feature of the next IEEE 802.11be Extremely High Throughput amendment. Through its adoption, it is expected to enhance users' experience by improving throughput rates and latency. However, potential…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2022-02-28 Álvaro López-Raventós , Boris Bellalta

Next-generation Wi-Fi networks are looking forward to introducing new features like multi-link operation (MLO) to both achieve higher throughput and lower latency. However, given the limited number of available channels, the use of multiple…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-05-01 Rashid Ali , Boris Bellalta
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