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Self attention encoders such as Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers(BERT) scale quadratically with sequence length, making long context modeling expensive. Linear time state space models, such as Mamba, are efficient;…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Jinwoong Kim , Sangjin Park

State Space Models (SSMs) have emerged as powerful alternatives to attention-based Transformers, with Mamba demonstrating impressive efficiency and scalability. As these models grow increasingly larger, the need for Parameter-Efficient…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Donghyun Lee , Yuhang Li , Ruokai Yin , Shiting Xiao , Priyadarshini Panda

State Space Model (SSM) is a mathematical model used to describe and analyze the behavior of dynamic systems. This model has witnessed numerous applications in several fields, including control theory, signal processing, economics and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-08 Xiao Liu , Chenxu Zhang , Lei Zhang

Transformer-based large language models (LLMs) are increasingly being adopted in networking research to address domain-specific challenges. However, their quadratic time complexity and substantial model sizes often result in significant…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Linhan Xia , Mingzhan Yang , Jingjing Wang , Ziwei Yan , Yakun Ren , Guo Yu , Kai Lei

Linear Recurrent Neural Networks (LRNNs) such as Mamba, RWKV, GLA, mLSTM, and DeltaNet have emerged as efficient alternatives to Transformers for long sequences. However, both Transformers and LRNNs struggle to perform state-tracking, which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-19 Riccardo Grazzi , Julien Siems , Arber Zela , Jörg K. H. Franke , Frank Hutter , Massimiliano Pontil

In the information retrieval (IR) area, dense retrieval (DR) models use deep learning techniques to encode queries and passages into embedding space to compute their semantic relations. It is important for DR models to balance both…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-08-23 Hanqi Zhang , Chong Chen , Lang Mei , Qi Liu , Jiaxin Mao

Structured State Space Models (SSMs) have emerged as a transformative paradigm in sequence modeling, addressing critical limitations of Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) and Transformers, namely, vanishing gradients, sequential computation…

The Transformer model, particularly its cross-attention module, is widely used for feature fusion in target sound extraction which extracts the signal of interest based on given clues. Despite its effectiveness, this approach suffers from…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-26 Donghang Wu , Yiwen Wang , Xihong Wu , Tianshu Qu

Recent sequence modeling approaches using selective state space sequence models, referred to as Mamba models, have seen a surge of interest. These models allow efficient processing of long sequences in linear time and are rapidly being…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-16 Farnoush Rezaei Jafari , Grégoire Montavon , Klaus-Robert Müller , Oliver Eberle

Understanding videos is one of the fundamental directions in computer vision research, with extensive efforts dedicated to exploring various architectures such as RNN, 3D CNN, and Transformers. The newly proposed architecture of state space…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-15 Guo Chen , Yifei Huang , Jilan Xu , Baoqi Pei , Zhe Chen , Zhiqi Li , Jiahao Wang , Kunchang Li , Tong Lu , Limin Wang

Selective State-Space Models (SSMs) such as Mamba have emerged as an alternative architecture to self-attention based transformers in sequence modeling tasks. Recent works have demonstrated the use of transformers in some filtering and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-28 Alex Tang , M. Emrullah Ildiz , Batin Kurt , Samet Oymak , Necmiye Ozay

While transformer-based language models have driven the AI revolution thus far, their computational complexity has spurred growing interest in viable alternatives, such as structured state space sequence models (SSMs) and Selective SSMs.…

Mamba, an architecture with RNN-like token mixer of state space model (SSM), was recently introduced to address the quadratic complexity of the attention mechanism and subsequently applied to vision tasks. Nevertheless, the performance of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-21 Weihao Yu , Xinchao Wang

Recent advances in deep learning have mainly relied on Transformers due to their data dependency and ability to learn at scale. The attention module in these architectures, however, exhibits quadratic time and space in input size, limiting…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-25 Ali Behrouz , Michele Santacatterina , Ramin Zabih

This work aims to investigate the use of a recently proposed, attention-free, scalable state-space model (SSM), Mamba, for the speech enhancement (SE) task. In particular, we employ Mamba to deploy different regression-based SE models…

Deep learning models like Convolutional Neural Networks and transformers have shown impressive capabilities in speech verification, gaining considerable attention in the research community. However, CNN-based approaches struggle with…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-12-17 Yang Liu , Li Wan , Yiteng Huang , Ming Sun , Yangyang Shi , Florian Metze

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have attracted much attention for their multifunctionality. However, traditional Transformer architectures incur significant overhead due to their secondary computational complexity. To address this…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-22 Wenjun Huang , Jiakai Pan , Jiahao Tang , Yanyu Ding , Yifei Xing , Yuhe Wang , Zhengzhuo Wang , Jianguo Hu

Long-range dependency is one of the most desired properties of recent sequence models such as state-space models (particularly Mamba) and transformer models. New model architectures are being actively developed and benchmarked for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Cong Ma , Kayvan Najarian

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have shown promising potential in graph representation learning. The majority of GNNs define a local message-passing mechanism, propagating information over the graph by stacking multiple layers. These methods,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Ali Behrouz , Farnoosh Hashemi

Self-attention performs well in long context but has quadratic complexity. Existing RNN layers have linear complexity, but their performance in long context is limited by the expressive power of their hidden states. We present a practical…