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Transformers dominate NLP and IR; but their inference inefficiencies and challenges in extrapolating to longer contexts have sparked interest in alternative model architectures. Among these, state space models (SSMs) like Mamba offer…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Zhichao Xu , Jinghua Yan , Ashim Gupta , Vivek Srikumar

Foundation models, now powering most of the exciting applications in deep learning, are almost universally based on the Transformer architecture and its core attention module. Many subquadratic-time architectures such as linear attention,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-03 Albert Gu , Tri Dao

Transformers are the cornerstone of modern large language models, but their quadratic computational complexity limits efficiency in long-sequence processing. Recent advancements in Mamba, a state space model (SSM) with linear complexity,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Yixing Li , Ruobing Xie , Zhen Yang , Xingwu Sun , Shuaipeng Li , Weidong Han , Zhanhui Kang , Yu Cheng , Chengzhong Xu , Di Wang , Jie Jiang

While the Mamba architecture demonstrates superior inference efficiency and competitive performance on short-context natural language processing (NLP) tasks, empirical evidence suggests its capacity to comprehend long contexts is limited…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-03 Danlong Yuan , Jiahao Liu , Bei Li , Huishuai Zhang , Jingang Wang , Xunliang Cai , Dongyan Zhao

Transformer structure has achieved great success in multiple applied machine learning communities, such as natural language processing (NLP), computer vision (CV) and information retrieval (IR). Transformer architecture's core mechanism\,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Zhichao Xu

In recent years, Transformers have become the de-facto architecture for sequence modeling on text and a variety of multi-dimensional data, such as images and video. However, the use of self-attention layers in a Transformer incurs…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-16 Shufan Li , Harkanwar Singh , Aditya Grover

Selective state-space models (SSMs) like Mamba overcome some of the shortcomings of Transformers, such as quadratic computational complexity with sequence length and large inference-time memory requirements from the key-value cache.…

Mamba is an effective state space model with linear computation complexity. It has recently shown impressive efficiency in dealing with high-resolution inputs across various vision tasks. In this paper, we reveal that the powerful Mamba…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Dongchen Han , Ziyi Wang , Zhuofan Xia , Yizeng Han , Yifan Pu , Chunjiang Ge , Jun Song , Shiji Song , Bo Zheng , Gao Huang

Transformers have been the most successful architecture for various speech modeling tasks, including speech separation. However, the self-attention mechanism in transformers with quadratic complexity is inefficient in computation and…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-05-02 Xilin Jiang , Cong Han , Nima Mesgarani

Linear RNN architectures, like Mamba, can be competitive with Transformer models in language modeling while having advantageous deployment characteristics. Given the focus on training large-scale Transformer models, we consider the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-30 Junxiong Wang , Daniele Paliotta , Avner May , Alexander M. Rush , Tri Dao

State space models (SSMs) for language modelling promise an efficient and performant alternative to quadratic-attention Transformers, yet show variable performance on recalling basic information from the context. While performance on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Aryaman Arora , Neil Rathi , Nikil Roashan Selvam , Róbert Csordás , Dan Jurafsky , Christopher Potts

As one of the most representative DL techniques, Transformer architecture has empowered numerous advanced models, especially the large language models (LLMs) that comprise billions of parameters, becoming a cornerstone in deep learning.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Haohao Qu , Liangbo Ning , Rui An , Wenqi Fan , Tyler Derr , Hui Liu , Xin Xu , Qing Li

Sequence modeling is a crucial area across various domains, including Natural Language Processing (NLP), speech recognition, time series forecasting, music generation, and bioinformatics. Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) and Long Short Term…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-26 Badri Narayana Patro , Vijay Srinivas Agneeswaran

The Mamba layer offers an efficient selective state space model (SSM) that is highly effective in modeling multiple domains, including NLP, long-range sequence processing, and computer vision. Selective SSMs are viewed as dual models, in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Ameen Ali , Itamar Zimerman , Lior Wolf

State-space models (SSMs), such as Mamba (Gu & Dao, 2023), have been proposed as alternatives to Transformer networks in language modeling, by incorporating gating, convolutions, and input-dependent token selection to mitigate the quadratic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-26 Jongho Park , Jaeseung Park , Zheyang Xiong , Nayoung Lee , Jaewoong Cho , Samet Oymak , Kangwook Lee , Dimitris Papailiopoulos

With the explosive growth of data, long-sequence modeling has become increasingly important in tasks such as natural language processing and bioinformatics. However, existing methods face inherent trade-offs between efficiency and memory.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Youjin Wang , Yangjingyi Chen , Jiahao Yan , Jiaxuan Lu , Xiao Sun

Physics-informed machine learning (PIML) has emerged as a promising alternative to classical methods for predicting dynamical systems, offering faster and more generalizable solutions. However, existing models, including recurrent neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Zheyuan Hu , Nazanin Ahmadi Daryakenari , Qianli Shen , Kenji Kawaguchi , George Em Karniadakis

The quadratic complexity of the attention mechanism in Transformer models has motivated the development of alternative architectures with sub-quadratic scaling, such as state-space models. Among these, Mamba has emerged as a leading…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Peng Lu , Jerry Huang , Qiuhao Zeng , Xinyu Wang , Boxing Chen , Philippe Langlais , Yufei Cui

This paper explores the capability of Mamba, a recently proposed architecture based on state space models (SSMs), as a competitive alternative to Transformer-based models. In the speech domain, well-designed Transformer-based models, such…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Koichi Miyazaki , Yoshiki Masuyama , Masato Murata

Efficient long-context language modeling remains a significant challenge in Natural Language Processing (NLP). While Transformers dominate language tasks, they struggle with long sequences due to quadratic computational complexity in…

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