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Much of the existing ML research focuses on model performance metrics, leaving limited attention to the long-term sustainability and resource efficiency of ML applications. While high performance is essential, ensuring efficient resource…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Bashar Abdallah , Martyna E. Wojciechowska , Gustavo Santos , Edmand Yu , Maxime Lamothe , Alain Abran , Mohammad Hamdaqa

TensorFlow is a popular emerging open-source programming framework supporting the execution of distributed applications on heterogeneous hardware. While TensorFlow has been initially designed for developing Machine Learning (ML)…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-03-03 Steven W. D. Chien , Stefano Markidis , Vyacheslav Olshevsky , Yaroslav Bulatov , Erwin Laure , Jeffrey S. Vetter

Recently, several JavaScript-based deep learning frameworks have emerged, making it possible to perform deep learning tasks directly in browsers. However, little is known on what and how well we can do with these frameworks for deep…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-03-26 Yun Ma , Dongwei Xiang , Shuyu Zheng , Deyu Tian , Xuanzhe Liu

Recent advances in deep learning (dl) have led to the release of several dl software libraries such as pytorch, Caffe, and TensorFlow, in order to assist machine learning (ml) practitioners in developing and deploying state-of-the-art deep…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-11-30 Mohamed Raed El aoun , Lionel Nganyewou Tidjon , Ben Rombaut , Foutse Khomh , Ahmed E. Hassan

Deep learning has been shown as a successful machine learning method for a variety of tasks, and its popularity results in numerous open-source deep learning software tools. Training a deep network is usually a very time-consuming process.…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2017-02-20 Shaohuai Shi , Qiang Wang , Pengfei Xu , Xiaowen Chu

Deep metric learning algorithms have a wide variety of applications, but implementing these algorithms can be tedious and time consuming. PyTorch Metric Learning is an open source library that aims to remove this barrier for both…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-08-24 Kevin Musgrave , Serge Belongie , Ser-Nam Lim

Machine learning (ML) libraries such as PyTorch and TensorFlow are essential for a wide range of modern applications. Ensuring the correctness of ML libraries through testing is crucial. However, ML APIs often impose strict input…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Lukas Krodinger , Altin Hajdari , Stephan Lukasczyk , Gordon Fraser

TensorFlow is a popular deep learning framework used by data scientists to solve a wide-range of machine learning and deep learning problems such as image classification and speech recognition. It also operates at a large scale and in…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2018-12-06 Niranjan Hasabnis

The success and popularity of deep learning is on the rise, partially due to powerful deep learning frameworks such as TensorFlow and PyTorch that make it easier to develop deep learning models. However, these libraries also come with steep…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2022-04-11 Kensen Shi , David Bieber , Rishabh Singh

The increasing inclusion of Machine Learning (ML) models in safety critical systems like autonomous cars have led to the development of multiple model-based ML testing techniques. One common denominator of these testing techniques is their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-09 Houssem Ben Braiek , Foutse Khomh

Deep Learning (DL) frameworks such as PyTorch and TensorFlow include runtime infrastructures responsible for executing trained models on target hardware, managing memory, data transfers, and multi-accelerator execution, if applicable.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-02-29 Negar Alizadeh , Fernando Castor

Tensors are higher-order extensions of matrices. While matrix methods form the cornerstone of machine learning and data analysis, tensor methods have been gaining increasing traction. However, software support for tensor operations is not…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-05-10 Jean Kossaifi , Yannis Panagakis , Anima Anandkumar , Maja Pantic

Software documentation guides the proper use of tools or services. With the rapid growth of machine learning libraries, individuals from various fields are incorporating machine learning into their workflows through programming. However,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Sharuka Promodya Thirimanne , Elim Yoseph Lemango , Giulio Antoniol , Maleknaz Nayebi

In machine learning (ML), the inference phase is the process of applying pre-trained models to new, unseen data with the objective of making predictions. During the inference phase, end-users interact with ML services to gain insights,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-18 Pasquale De Rosa , Yérom-David Bromberg , Pascal Felber , Djob Mvondo , Valerio Schiavoni

Modern machine learning frameworks are complex: they are typically organised in multiple layers each of which is written in a different language and they depend on a number of external libraries, but at their core they mainly consist of…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2021-06-22 Artjoms Šinkarovs , Hans-Nikolai Vießmann , Sven-Bodo Scholz

Tool learning methods have enhanced the ability of large language models (LLMs) to interact with real-world applications. Many existing works fine-tune LLMs or design prompts to enable LLMs to select appropriate tools and correctly invoke…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-04 Chengrui Huang , Zhengliang Shi , Yuntao Wen , Xiuying Chen , Peng Han , Shen Gao , Shuo Shang

Python bindings are a critical bridge between high-performance C++ libraries and the flexibility of Python, enabling rapid prototyping, reproducible experiments, and integration with simulation and learning frameworks in robotics research.…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Weihang Guo , Theodoros Tyrovouzis , Lydia E. Kavraki

Deep learning is a branch of artificial intelligence employing deep neural network architectures that has significantly advanced the state-of-the-art in computer vision, speech recognition, natural language processing and other domains. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-10-06 Peter Goldsborough

Recent work has shown that Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) play an important role in the acceleration of Machine Learning applications. Initial specification of machine learning applications are often done using a high-level…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-07-17 Daniel H. Noronha , Bahar Salehpour , Steven J. E. Wilton

Deep learning algorithms have made many breakthroughs and have various applications in real life. Computational resources become a bottleneck as the data and complexity of the deep learning pipeline increases. In this paper, we propose…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-05 Salman Ahmed , Hammad Naveed