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Deep learning is widely applied to modern problems through neural networks, but the growing computational and energy demands of these models have driven interest in more efficient approaches. Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs), the third…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Mahitha Pulivathi , Ana Fontes Rodrigues , Isibor Kennedy Ihianle , Andreas Oikonomou , Srinivas Boppu , Pedro Machado

The efficiency of modern machine intelligence depends on high accuracy with minimal computational cost. In spiking neural networks (SNNs), synaptic delays are crucial for encoding temporal structure, yet existing models treat them as fully…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Lennart P. L. Landsmeer , Amirreza Movahedin , Mario Negrello , Said Hamdioui , Christos Strydis

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) offer an inherent ability to process spatial-temporal data, or in other words, realworld sensory data, but suffer from the difficulty of training high accuracy models. A major thread of research on SNNs is on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-05-27 Dengyu Wu , Xinping Yi , Xiaowei Huang

Intracortical brain-machine interfaces demand low-latency, energy-efficient solutions for neural decoding. Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) deployed on neuromorphic hardware have demonstrated remarkable efficiency in neural decoding by…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-04-17 Francesca Rivelli , Martin Popov , Charalampos S. Kouzinopoulos , Guangzhi Tang

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are energy-efficient neural networks because of their spiking nature. However, as the spike firing rate of SNNs increases, the energy consumption does as well, and thus, the advantage of SNNs diminishes. Here,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-15 Kazuma Suetake , Takuya Ushimaru , Ryuji Saiin , Yoshihide Sawada

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) offer a promising pathway to implement deep neural networks (DNNs) in a more energy-efficient manner since their neurons are sparsely activated and inferences are event-driven. However, there have been very…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-06-28 Changze Lv , Jianhan Xu , Xiaoqing Zheng

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) have gained popularity due to their high energy efficiency. Prior works have proposed various methods for training SNNs, including backpropagation-based methods. Training SNNs is computationally expensive…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-18 Sai Sanjeet , Bibhu Datta Sahoo , Keshab K. Parhi

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are brain-inspired models that enable energy-efficient implementation on neuromorphic hardware. However, the supervised training of SNNs remains a hard problem due to the discontinuity of the spiking neuron…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-12-20 Mingqing Xiao , Qingyan Meng , Zongpeng Zhang , Yisen Wang , Zhouchen Lin

In the last few years, spiking neural networks have been demonstrated to perform on par with regular convolutional neural networks. Several works have proposed methods to convert a pre-trained CNN to a Spiking CNN without a significant…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-05-05 Martino Sorbaro , Qian Liu , Massimo Bortone , Sadique Sheik

Spiking neural network (SNN) is interesting both theoretically and practically because of its strong bio-inspiration nature and potentially outstanding energy efficiency. Unfortunately, its development has fallen far behind the conventional…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-09-20 Shibo Zhou , Xiaohua LI , Ying Chen , Sanjeev T. Chandrasekaran , Arindam Sanyal

Memristor-based Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) with temporal spike encoding enable ultra-low-energy computation, making them ideal for battery-powered intelligent devices. This paper presents a circuit-level memristive spiking neural…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Santlal Prajapati , Susmita Sur-Kolay , Soumyadeep Dutta

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) have emerged as a promising energy-efficient alternative to traditional Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). Despite this, bridging the performance gap with ANNs in practical scenarios remains a significant…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Ziqing Wang , Yuetong Fang , Jiahang Cao , Renjing Xu

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are seen as an energy-efficient alternative to traditional Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), but the performance gap remains a challenge. While this gap is narrowing through ANN-to-SNN conversion, substantial…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Ziqing Wang , Yuetong Fang , Jiahang Cao , Hongwei Ren , Renjing Xu

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are efficient computation models to perform spatio-temporal pattern recognition on {resource}- and {power}-constrained platforms. SNNs executed on neuromorphic hardware can further reduce energy consumption of…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-12-01 Adarsha Balaji , Anup Das

Computation on a large volume of data at high speed and low power requires energy-efficient computing architectures. Spiking neural network (SNN) with bio-inspired spike-timing-dependent plasticity learning (STDP) is a promising solution…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-04-12 Sahibia Kaur Vohra , Sherin A Thomas , Mahendra Sakare , Devarshi Mrinal Das

As deep learning models scale, they become increasingly competitive from domains spanning from computer vision to natural language processing; however, this happens at the expense of efficiency since they require increasingly more memory…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-01-30 Fabrizio Ottati , Chang Gao , Qinyu Chen , Giovanni Brignone , Mario R. Casu , Jason K. Eshraghian , Luciano Lavagno

Children possess the ability to learn multiple cognitive tasks sequentially, which is a major challenge toward the long-term goal of artificial general intelligence. Existing continual learning frameworks are usually applicable to Deep…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-08-10 Bing Han , Feifei Zhao , Yi Zeng , Wenxuan Pan , Guobin Shen

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) have shown capabilities of achieving high accuracy under unsupervised settings and low operational power/energy due to their bio-plausible computations. Previous studies identified that DRAM-based off-chip…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-04-11 Rachmad Vidya Wicaksana Putra , Muhammad Abdullah Hanif , Muhammad Shafique

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) offer a promising energy-efficient alternative to Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) by utilizing sparse and asynchronous processing through discrete spike-based computation. However, the performance of deep…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Eric Jahns , Davi Moreno , Michel A. Kinsy

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are bio-inspired networks that process information conveyed as temporal spikes rather than numeric values. A spiking neuron of an SNN only produces a spike whenever a significant number of spikes occur within…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-03-06 Mathias Gehrig , Sumit Bam Shrestha , Daniel Mouritzen , Davide Scaramuzza