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Language Models (LMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in solving complex reasoning tasks, particularly when prompted to generate intermediate explanations. However, it remains an open question whether these intermediate reasoning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Moritz Miller , Kumar Shridhar

Large language models (LLMs) are a promising venue for natural language understanding and generation. However, current LLMs are far from reliable: they are prone to generating non-factual information and, more crucially, to contradicting…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Diego Calanzone , Stefano Teso , Antonio Vergari

Recent studies suggest that the representations learned by large language models (LLMs) are partially aligned to those of the human brain. However, whether and why this alignment score arises from a similar sequence of computations remains…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Joséphine Raugel , Stéphane d'Ascoli , Jérémy Rapin , Valentin Wyart , Jean-Rémi King

Understanding the similarity between large language models (LLMs) and human brain activity is crucial for advancing both AI and cognitive neuroscience. In this study, we provide a multilinguistic, large-scale assessment of this similarity…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Xin Xiao , Kaiwen Wei , Jiang Zhong , Xuekai Wei , Mingliang Zhou

Large language models (LLMs) exhibit increasingly sophisticated linguistic capabilities, yet the extent to which these behaviors reflect human-like cognition versus advanced pattern recognition remains an open question. In this study, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Karin de Langis , Jong Inn Park , Andreas Schramm , Bin Hu , Khanh Chi Le , Michael Mensink , Ahn Thu Tong , Dongyeop Kang

Neuroscience has uncovered a fundamental mechanism of our social nature: human brain activity becomes synchronized with others in many social contexts involving interaction. Traditionally, social minds have been regarded as an exclusive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Zhining Zhang , Wentao Zhu , Chi Han , Yizhou Wang , Heng Ji

Despite the ubiquity of large language models (LLMs) in AI research, the question of embodiment in LLMs remains underexplored, distinguishing them from embodied systems in robotics where sensory perception directly informs physical action.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Philipp Wicke , Lennart Wachowiak

Language models (LMs) have been used in cognitive modeling as well as engineering studies -- they compute information-theoretic complexity metrics that simulate humans' cognitive load during reading. This study highlights a limitation of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-02 Tatsuki Kuribayashi , Yohei Oseki , Ana Brassard , Kentaro Inui

Although LLMs and other artificial intelligence systems demonstrate cognitive skills similar to humans, like concept learning and language acquisition, the way they process information fundamentally differs from biological cognition. To…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Giuseppe Riva , Fabrizia Mantovani , Brenda K. Wiederhold , Antonella Marchetti , Andrea Gaggioli

Neural Language Models (NLMs) have made tremendous advances during the last years, achieving impressive performance on various linguistic tasks. Capitalizing on this, studies in neuroscience have started to use NLMs to study neural activity…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-07-08 Alexandre Pasquiou , Yair Lakretz , John Hale , Bertrand Thirion , Christophe Pallier

Language is crucial for human intelligence, but what exactly is its role? We take language to be a part of a system for understanding and communicating about situations. The human ability to understand and communicate about situations…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-07-07 James L. McClelland , Felix Hill , Maja Rudolph , Jason Baldridge , Hinrich Schütze

Metacognition--the capacity to monitor and evaluate one's own knowledge and performance--is foundational to human decision-making, learning, and communication. As large language models (LLMs) become increasingly embedded in both high-stakes…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Mark Steyvers , Megan A. K. Peters

Reasoning is a fundamental aspect of human intelligence that plays a crucial role in activities such as problem solving, decision making, and critical thinking. In recent years, large language models (LLMs) have made significant progress in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-29 Jie Huang , Kevin Chen-Chuan Chang

Analogical reasoning is at the core of human cognition, serving as an important foundation for a variety of intellectual activities. While prior work has shown that LLMs can represent task patterns and surface-level concepts, it remains…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Taewhoo Lee , Minju Song , Chanwoong Yoon , Jungwoo Park , Jaewoo Kang

In the present study, we investigate and compare reasoning in large language models (LLM) and humans using a selection of cognitive psychology tools traditionally dedicated to the study of (bounded) rationality. To do so, we presented to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-25 Nicolas Yax , Hernan Anlló , Stefano Palminteri

Associative learning--forming links between co-occurring items--is fundamental to human cognition, reshaping internal representations in complex ways. Testing hypotheses on how representational changes occur in biological systems is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Camila Kolling , Vy Ai Vo , Mariya Toneva

Most current large language models (LLMs) support a wide variety of languages in addition to English, including high-resource languages (e.g. German, Chinese, French), as well as low-resource ones (e.g. Swahili, Telugu). In addition they…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Jan-Thorsten Peter , David Vilar , Tobias Domhan , Dan Malkin , Markus Freitag

Language confusion -- where large language models (LLMs) generate unintended languages against the user's need -- remains a critical challenge, especially for English-centric models. We present the first mechanistic interpretability (MI)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Ercong Nie , Helmut Schmid , Hinrich Schütze

The dual thinking framework considers fast, intuitive, and slower logical processing. The perception of dual thinking in vision requires images where inferences from intuitive and logical processing differ, and the latter is under-explored…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Kailas Dayanandan , Nikhil Kumar , Anand Sinha , Brejesh Lall

Large language models (LLMs) are the result of a massive experiment in bottom-up, data-driven reverse engineering of language at scale. Despite their utility in a number of downstream NLP tasks, ample research has shown that LLMs are…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-05 Walid S. Saba