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This study aims to explore the best practices for utilizing GenAI as a programming tool, through a comparative analysis between GPT-4 and GLM-4. By evaluating prompting strategies at different levels of complexity, we identify that simplest…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-02-21 Angus Yang , Zehan Li , Jie Li

Large language models (LLMs) show impressive abilities via few-shot prompting. Commercialized APIs such as OpenAI GPT-3 further increase their use in real-world language applications. However, the crucial problem of how to improve the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-16 Chenglei Si , Zhe Gan , Zhengyuan Yang , Shuohang Wang , Jianfeng Wang , Jordan Boyd-Graber , Lijuan Wang

In the context of text classification, the financial burden of annotation exercises for creating training data is a critical issue. Active learning techniques, particularly those rooted in uncertainty sampling, offer a cost-effective…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Hamidreza Rouzegar , Masoud Makrehchi

Effective and timely feedback in educational assessments is essential but labor-intensive, especially for complex tasks. Recent developments in automated feedback systems, ranging from deterministic response grading to the evaluation of…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2024-08-22 Tianyi Liu , Julia Chatain , Laura Kobel-Keller , Gerd Kortemeyer , Thomas Willwacher , Mrinmaya Sachan

The increasing demand for programming language education and growing class sizes require immediate and personalized feedback. However, traditional code review methods have limitations in providing this level of feedback. As the capabilities…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Lee Dong-Kyu

Human annotation of training samples is expensive, laborious, and sometimes challenging, especially for Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. To reduce the labeling cost and enhance the sample efficiency, Active Learning (AL) technique…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Xuesong Wang

Current approaches to music emotion annotation remain heavily reliant on manual labelling, a process that imposes significant resource and labour burdens, severely limiting the scale of available annotated data. This study examines the…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Meng Yang , Jon McCormack , Maria Teresa Llano , Wanchao Su

As Large Language Model (LLM) capabilities advance, the demand for high-quality annotation of exponentially increasing text corpora has outpaced human capacity, leading to the widespread adoption of LLMs in automatic evaluation and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Jiayu Wang , Junyoung Lee

Recent advances have greatly increased the capabilities of large language models (LLMs), but our understanding of the models and their safety has not progressed as fast. In this paper we aim to understand LLMs deeper by studying their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-12 Justin Lee , Tuomas Oikarinen , Arjun Chatha , Keng-Chi Chang , Yilan Chen , Tsui-Wei Weng

Many natural language processing (NLP) tasks rely on labeled data to train machine learning models with high performance. However, data annotation is time-consuming and expensive, especially when the task involves a large amount of data or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-08 Xingwei He , Zhenghao Lin , Yeyun Gong , A-Long Jin , Hang Zhang , Chen Lin , Jian Jiao , Siu Ming Yiu , Nan Duan , Weizhu Chen

Traditional image annotation tasks rely heavily on human effort for object selection and label assignment, making the process time-consuming and prone to decreased efficiency as annotators experience fatigue after extensive work. This paper…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-17 He Zhang , Xinyi Fu , John M. Carroll

Manually annotating data for computational social science tasks can be costly, time-consuming, and emotionally draining. While recent work suggests that LLMs can perform such annotation tasks in zero-shot settings, little is known about how…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-30 Shubham Atreja , Joshua Ashkinaze , Lingyao Li , Julia Mendelsohn , Libby Hemphill

Data annotation is a time-consuming and labor-intensive process for many NLP tasks. Although there exist various methods to produce pseudo data labels, they are often task-specific and require a decent amount of labeled data to start with.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-01 Shuohang Wang , Yang Liu , Yichong Xu , Chenguang Zhu , Michael Zeng

Behavioral Profile (BP) annotation is difficult to automate because it requires simultaneous coding across multiple linguistic dimensions. We treat BP annotation as a bundle of annotation skills rather than a single task and evaluate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Yufeng Wu

Automating data extraction from full-text randomised controlled trials (RCTs) for meta-analysis remains a significant challenge. This study evaluates the practical performance of three LLMs (Gemini-2.0-flash, Grok-3, GPT-4o-mini) across…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Lingbo Li , Anuradha Mathrani , Teo Susnjak

The task of annotating data into concise summaries poses a significant challenge across various domains, frequently requiring the allocation of significant time and specialized knowledge by human experts. Despite existing efforts to use…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-09 Xiaohuan Pei , Yanxi Li , Chang Xu

Prompt tuning (PT) is an effective approach to adapting pre-trained language models to downstream tasks. Without a good initialization, prompt tuning doesn't perform well under few-shot settings. So pre-trained prompt tuning (PPT) is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-26 Yukun Huang , Kun Qian , Zhou Yu

Pre-trained language models have shown excellent results in few-shot learning scenarios using in-context learning. Although it is impressive, the size of language models can be prohibitive to make them usable in on-device applications, such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-27 Navid Rezaei , Marek Z. Reformat

This study investigates how existing annotation guidelines can be repurposed to instruct large language model (LLM) annotators for text annotation tasks. Traditional guidelines are written for human annotators who internalize training,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Kon Woo Kim , Rezarta Islamaj , Jin-Dong Kim , Florian Boudin , Akiko Aizawa

Prompt engineering is a challenging and important task due to the high sensitivity of Large Language Models (LLMs) to the given prompt and the inherent ambiguity of a textual task instruction. Automatic prompt engineering is essential to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Elad Levi , Eli Brosh , Matan Friedmann