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Large language model (LLM) inference has become a dominant workload in modern data centers, driving significant GPU utilization and energy consumption. While prior systems optimize throughput and latency by batching, scheduling, and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Can Hankendi , Rana Shahout , Minlan Yu , Ayse K. Coskun

The rapid deployment of machine learning across platforms from milliwatt-class TinyML devices to large language models has made energy efficiency a primary constraint for sustainable AI. Across these scales, performance and energy are…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Mohammad Saleh Vahdatpour , Yanqing Zhang

Aligning future system design with the ever-increasing compute needs of large language models (LLMs) is undoubtedly an important problem in today's world. Here, we propose a general performance modeling methodology and workload analysis of…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Joyjit Kundu , Wenzhe Guo , Ali BanaGozar , Udari De Alwis , Sourav Sengupta , Puneet Gupta , Arindam Mallik

Large reasoning models (LRMs) have heterogeneous inference energy costs based on which model is used and how much it reasons. To reduce energy, it is important to choose the right LRM and operate it in the right way. As a result, the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Austin R. Ellis-Mohr , Max Hartman , Lav R. Varshney

The discussion around AI-Engineering, that is, Software Engineering (SE) for AI-enabled Systems, cannot ignore a crucial class of software systems that are increasingly becoming AI-enhanced: Those used to enable or support the SE process,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Himon Thakur , Armin Moin

Large Language Model (LLM) inference on large-scale systems is expected to dominate future cloud infrastructures. Efficient LLM inference in cloud environments with numerous AI accelerators is challenging, necessitating extensive…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-11-11 Ilias Bournias , Lukas Cavigelli , Georgios Zacharopoulos

Accurate load forecasting is crucial for maintaining the power balance between generators and consumers,particularly with the increasing integration of renewable energy sources, which introduce significant intermittent volatility. With the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-04 Mingyang Gao , Suyang Zhou , Wei Gu , Zhi Wu , Haiquan Liu , Aihua Zhou

Large language models (LLMs) are central to modern natural language processing, delivering exceptional performance in various tasks. However, their substantial computational and memory requirements present challenges, especially for devices…

Large language models (LLMs) are used in software development to assist in various tasks, e.g., code generation and code completion, but empirical evaluations of the quality of the results produced by these models focus on correctness and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Lola Solovyeva , Sophie Weidmann , Fernando Castor

LLM inference exhibits substantial variability across queries and execution phases, yet inference configurations are often applied uniformly. We present a measurement-driven characterization of workload heterogeneity and energy-performance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Paul Joe Maliakel , Shashikant Ilager , Ivona Brandic

Deploying large language models (LLMs) on edge devices is crucial for delivering fast responses and ensuring data privacy. However, the limited storage, weight, and power of edge devices make it difficult to deploy LLM-powered applications.…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Chunlin Tian , Xinpeng Qin , Kahou Tam , Li Li , Zijian Wang , Yuanzhe Zhao , Minglei Zhang , Chengzhong Xu

Large language models (LLMs) are widely applied in chatbots, code generators, and search engines. Workload such as chain-of-throught, complex reasoning, agent services significantly increase the inference cost by invoke the model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Sihyeong Park , Sungryeol Jeon , Chaelyn Lee , Seokhun Jeon , Byung-Soo Kim , Jemin Lee

Large language models (LLMs) have been a disruptive innovation in recent years, and they play a crucial role in our daily lives due to their ability to understand and generate human-like text. Their capabilities include natural language…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-10-17 Akrit Mudvari , Yuang Jiang , Leandros Tassiulas

The energy requirements of current natural language processing models continue to grow at a rapid, unsustainable pace. Recent works highlighting this problem conclude there is an urgent need for methods that reduce the energy needs of NLP…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-03 Joseph McDonald , Baolin Li , Nathan Frey , Devesh Tiwari , Vijay Gadepally , Siddharth Samsi

Recent progress in Language Models (LMs) has dramatically advanced the field of natural language processing (NLP), excelling at tasks like text generation, summarization, and question answering. However, their inference remains…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Adarsh Prasad Behera , Jaya Prakash Champati , Roberto Morabito , Sasu Tarkoma , James Gross

Large Language Models (LLMs) have attracted extensive attention due to their remarkable performance across various tasks. However, the substantial computational and memory requirements of LLM inference pose challenges for deployment in…

With the widespread adoption of Large Language Models (LLMs), energy costs of running LLMs is quickly becoming a critical concern. However, precisely measuring the energy consumption of LLMs is often infeasible because hardware-based power…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Anurag Dutt , Young Won Choi , Avirup Sil , Anshul Gandhi , Aruna Balasubramanian , Niranjan Balasubramanian

In the past year, Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance in tasks such as visual question answering, visual understanding and reasoning. However, the extensive model size and high training and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Yizhang Jin , Jian Li , Yexin Liu , Tianjun Gu , Kai Wu , Zhengkai Jiang , Muyang He , Bo Zhao , Xin Tan , Zhenye Gan , Yabiao Wang , Chengjie Wang , Lizhuang Ma

Recent breakthroughs in Large-scale language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance on various tasks. The immense sizes of LLMs have led to very high resource demand and cost for running the models. Though the models are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Juntao Zhao , Borui Wan , Yanghua Peng , Haibin Lin , Chuan Wu

The energy consumption of Large Language Models (LLMs) is raising growing concerns due to their adverse effects on environmental stability and resource use. Yet, these energy costs remain largely opaque to users, especially when models are…