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Related papers: A Survey on Natural Language Counterfactual Genera…

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The need for interpretability in deep learning has driven interest in counterfactual explanations, which identify minimal changes to an instance that change a model's prediction. Current counterfactual (CF) generation methods require…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-11 Van Bach Nguyen , Christin Seifert , Jörg Schlötterer

A common approach for testing fairness issues in text-based classifiers is through the use of counterfactuals: does the classifier output change if a sensitive attribute in the input is changed? Existing counterfactual generation methods…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-29 Zee Fryer , Vera Axelrod , Ben Packer , Alex Beutel , Jilin Chen , Kellie Webster

Natural language explanations of deep neural network decisions provide an intuitive way for a AI agent to articulate a reasoning process. Current textual explanations learn to discuss class discriminative features in an image. However, it…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-06-27 Lisa Anne Hendricks , Ronghang Hu , Trevor Darrell , Zeynep Akata

Machine Learning has seen tremendous growth recently, which has led to larger adoption of ML systems for educational assessments, credit risk, healthcare, employment, criminal justice, to name a few. The trustworthiness of ML and NLP…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-03-19 Nishtha Madaan , Inkit Padhi , Naveen Panwar , Diptikalyan Saha

This literature review focuses on the use of Natural Language Generation (NLG) to automatically detect and generate persuasive texts. Extending previous research on automatic identification of persuasion in text, we concentrate on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-01-15 Sebastian Duerr , Peter A. Gloor

Recent advances in neural network-based generative modeling have reignited the hopes in having computer systems capable of seamlessly conversing with humans and able to understand natural language. Neural architectures have been employed to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-08-03 Cristina Garbacea , Qiaozhu Mei

Large language models (LLMs) have made remarkable progress in a wide range of natural language understanding and generation tasks. However, their ability to generate counterfactuals has not been examined systematically. To bridge this gap,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-26 Yongqi Li , Mayi Xu , Xin Miao , Shen Zhou , Tieyun Qian

Present language understanding methods have demonstrated extraordinary ability of recognizing patterns in texts via machine learning. However, existing methods indiscriminately use the recognized patterns in the testing phase that is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-08 Fuli Feng , Jizhi Zhang , Xiangnan He , Hanwang Zhang , Tat-Seng Chua

Natural Language Generation (NLG) has made great progress in recent years due to the development of deep learning techniques such as pre-trained language models. This advancement has resulted in more fluent, coherent and even properties…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-11 Wei Li , Wenhao Wu , Moye Chen , Jiachen Liu , Xinyan Xiao , Hua Wu

Deep NLP models have been shown to learn spurious correlations, leaving them brittle to input perturbations. Recent work has shown that counterfactual or contrastive data -- i.e. minimally perturbed inputs -- can reveal these weaknesses,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-31 Bhargavi Paranjape , Matthew Lamm , Ian Tenney

Recent work by Chatzi et al. and Ravfogel et al. has developed, for the first time, a method for generating counterfactuals of probabilistic Large Language Models. Such counterfactuals tell us what would - or might - have been the output of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Sander Beckers

A machine learning model, under the influence of observed or unobserved confounders in the training data, can learn spurious correlations and fail to generalize when deployed. For image classifiers, augmenting a training dataset using…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-13 Abbavaram Gowtham Reddy , Saloni Dash , Amit Sharma , Vineeth N Balasubramanian

The counterfactual token generation has been limited to perturbing only a single token in texts that are generally short and single sentences. These tokens are often associated with one of many sensitive attributes. With limited…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-02-10 Pranay Lohia

We introduce a novel data generation method for contradiction detection, which leverages the generative power of large language models as well as linguistic rules. Our vision is to provide a condensed corpus of prototypical contradictions,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Maren Pielka , Svetlana Schmidt , Rafet Sifa

While counterfactual data augmentation offers a promising step towards robust generalization in natural language processing, producing a set of counterfactuals that offer valuable inductive bias for models remains a challenge. Most existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-25 Phillip Howard , Gadi Singer , Vasudev Lal , Yejin Choi , Swabha Swayamdipta

As NLP models become increasingly integral to decision-making processes, the need for explainability and interpretability has become paramount. In this work, we propose a framework that achieves the aforementioned by generating semantically…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-04 Dimitris Lymperopoulos , Maria Lymperaiou , Giorgos Filandrianos , Giorgos Stamou

Counterfactuals can explain classification decisions of neural networks in a human interpretable way. We propose a simple but effective method to generate such counterfactuals. More specifically, we perform a suitable diffeomorphic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-17 Ann-Kathrin Dombrowski , Jan E. Gerken , Klaus-Robert Müller , Pan Kessel

Counterfactuals refer to minimally edited inputs that cause a model's prediction to change, serving as a promising approach to explaining the model's behavior. Large language models (LLMs) excel at generating English counterfactuals and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Qianli Wang , Van Bach Nguyen , Yihong Liu , Fedor Splitt , Nils Feldhus , Christin Seifert , Hinrich Schütze , Sebastian Möller , Vera Schmitt

While state-of-the-art NLP models have been achieving the excellent performance of a wide range of tasks in recent years, important questions are being raised about their robustness and their underlying sensitivity to systematic biases that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-25 Linyi Yang , Jiazheng Li , Pádraig Cunningham , Yue Zhang , Barry Smyth , Ruihai Dong

Counterfactuals have become a popular technique nowadays for interacting with black-box machine learning models and understanding how to change a particular instance to obtain a desired outcome from the model. However, most existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-29 Philip Naumann , Eirini Ntoutsi
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