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The extended Kalman filter (EKF) is a common state estimation method for discrete nonlinear systems. It recursively executes the propagation step as time goes by and the update step when a set of measurements arrives. In the update step,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-10-05 Jianzhu Huai , Xiang Gao

This paper presents Elevator-LIO, a LiDAR-inertial odometry framework designed to achieve continuous robot localization during elevator travel, thereby supporting cross-floor robotic tasks. To address the state-estimation problem in…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Yifan Zhang , Yudong Huang , Yuchong Zhang , Changze Li , Haoran Liu , Ming Yang , Tong Qin

This article examines state estimation in discrete-time nonlinear stochastic systems with finite-dimensional states and infinite-dimensional measurements, motivated by real-world applications such as vision-based localization and tracking.…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-24 Maxwell M. Varley , Timothy L. Molloy , Girish N. Nair

Robust and accurate navigation is critical for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) especially for those with stringent Size, Weight, and Power (SWaP) constraints. However, most state-of-the-art (SOTA) LiDAR-Inertial Odometry (LIO) systems still…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Jinwen Zhu , Xudong Zhao , Fangcheng Zhu , Jun Hu , Shi Jin , Yinian Mao , Guoquan Huang

The main contribution of this paper is a high frequency, low-complexity, on-board visual-inertial odometry system for quadrotor micro air vehicles. The system consists of an extended Kalman filter (EKF) based state estimation algorithm that…

Robotics · Computer Science 2016-07-07 Dinuka Abeywardena , Shoudong Huang , Ben Barnes , Gamini Dissanayake , Sarath Kodagoda

This work introduces LIMOncello, a tightly coupled LiDAR-Inertial Odometry system that models 6-DoF motion on the $\mathrm{SGal}(3)$ manifold within an iterated error-state Kalman filter backend. Compared to state representations defined on…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Carlos Pérez-Ruiz , Joan Solà

This paper presents FAST-LIO2: a fast, robust, and versatile LiDAR-inertial odometry framework. Building on a highly efficient tightly-coupled iterated Kalman filter, FAST-LIO2 has two key novelties that allow fast, robust, and accurate…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-07-15 Wei Xu , Yixi Cai , Dongjiao He , Jiarong Lin , Fu Zhang

We derive symmetry preserving invariant extended Kalman filters (IEKF) on matrix Lie groups. These Kalman filters have an advantage over conventional extended Kalman filters as the error dynamics for such filters are independent of the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-01-01 Karmvir Singh Phogat , Dong Eui Chang

LiDAR-inertial odometry (LIO) has been widely used in robotics due to its high accuracy. However, its performance degrades in degenerate environments, such as long corridors and high-altitude flights, where LiDAR measurements are imbalanced…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Eungchang Mason Lee , Kevin Christiansen Marsim , Hyun Myung

Event-based cameras are new type vision sensors whose pixels work independently and respond asynchronously to brightness change with microsecond resolution, instead of providing standard intensity frames. Compared with traditional cameras,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-07-26 Kunfeng Wang , Kaichun Zhao , Zheng You

This paper presents a fast lidar-inertial odometry (LIO) that is robust to aggressive motion. To achieve robust tracking in aggressive motion scenes, we exploit the continuous scanning property of lidar to adaptively divide the full scan…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-07-24 Jun Liu , Yunzhou Zhang , Xiaoyu Zhao , Zhengnan He

This paper derives a contact-aided inertial navigation observer for a 3D bipedal robot using the theory of invariant observer design. Aided inertial navigation is fundamentally a nonlinear observer design problem; thus, current solutions…

Robotics · Computer Science 2019-05-22 Ross Hartley , Maani Ghaffari Jadidi , Jessy W. Grizzle , Ryan M. Eustice

A filter for inertial-based odometry is a recursive method used to estimate the pose from measurements of ego-motion and relative pose. Currently, there is no known filter that guarantees the computation of a globally optimal solution for…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-02-08 Xinghan Li , Haoying Li , Guangyang Zeng , Qingcheng Zeng , Xiaoqiang Ren , Chao Yang , Junfeng Wu

Understanding human motion is of critical importance for health monitoring and control of assistive robots, yet many human kinematic variables cannot be directly or accurately measured by wearable sensors. In recent years, invariant…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Zenan Zhu , Seyed Mostafa Rezayat Sorkhabadi , Yan Gu , Wenlong Zhang

In this article, we propose a new filtering algorithm based in the Koopman operator, showing that a nonlinear filtering problem can be seen as an equivalent problem where the dynamics is infinite dimensional, but linear. Using Extended…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2025-11-07 Diego Olguín , Axel Osses , Héctor Ramírez

We study the mathematical properties of the Invariant Extended Kalman Filter (IEKF) when iterating on the measurement update step, following the principles of the well-known Iterated Extended Kalman Filter. This iterative variant of the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-26 Sven Goffin , Axel Barrau , Silvère Bonnabel , Olivier Brüls , Pierre Sacré

The Kalman filter (KF) provides optimal recursive state estimates for linear-Gaussian systems and underpins applications in control, signal processing, and others. However, it is vulnerable to outliers in the measurements and process noise.…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-02 Alan Yang , Stephen Boyd

A new class of iterated linearization-based nonlinear filters, dubbed dynamically iterated filters, is presented. Contrary to regular iterated filters such as the iterated extended Kalman filter (IEKF), iterated unscented Kalman filter…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-09-15 Anton Kullberg , Isaac Skog , Gustaf Hendeby

Accurate time synchronization between heterogeneous sensors is crucial for ensuring robust state estimation in multi-sensor fusion systems. Sensor delays often cause discrepancies between the actual time when the event was captured and the…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Changseung Kim , Geunsik Bae , Woojae Shin , Sen Wang , Hyondong Oh

In recent years, vision-aided inertial odometry for state estimation has matured significantly. However, we still encounter challenges in terms of improving the computational efficiency and robustness of the underlying algorithms for…