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Recently multimodal transformer models have gained popularity because their performance on language and vision tasks suggest they learn rich visual-linguistic representations. Focusing on zero-shot image retrieval tasks, we study three…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-02-02 Lisa Anne Hendricks , John Mellor , Rosalia Schneider , Jean-Baptiste Alayrac , Aida Nematzadeh

Transformer models have been widely adopted in various domains over the last years, and especially large language models have advanced the field of AI significantly. Due to their size, the capability of these networks has increased…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-10 Yelysei Bondarenko , Markus Nagel , Tijmen Blankevoort

Transformer-based models have brought a radical change to neural machine translation. A key feature of the Transformer architecture is the so-called multi-head attention mechanism, which allows the model to focus simultaneously on different…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-06 Alessandro Raganato , Yves Scherrer , Jörg Tiedemann

While Transformer-based language models are generally very robust to pruning, there is the recently discovered outlier phenomenon: disabling only 48 out of 110M parameters in BERT-base drops its performance by nearly 30% on MNLI. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Giovanni Puccetti , Anna Rogers , Aleksandr Drozd , Felice Dell'Orletta

Transformer models have become the dominant backbone for sequence modeling, leveraging self-attention to produce contextualized token representations. These are typically aggregated into fixed-size vectors via pooling operations for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Sofiane Ennadir , Levente Zólyomi , Oleg Smirnov , Tianze Wang , John Pertoft , Filip Cornell , Lele Cao

Transformer-based language models have achieved impressive success in various natural language processing tasks due to their ability to capture complex dependencies and contextual information using self-attention mechanisms. However, they…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-26 Kaushik Roy , Yuxin Zi , Vignesh Narayanan , Manas Gaur , Amit Sheth

Vision transformers using self-attention or its proposed alternatives have demonstrated promising results in many image related tasks. However, the underpinning inductive bias of attention is not well understood. To address this issue, this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-23 Arda Sahiner , Tolga Ergen , Batu Ozturkler , John Pauly , Morteza Mardani , Mert Pilanci

Transformers commonly exhibit an attention sink: disproportionately high attention to the first position. We study this behavior in GPT-2-style models with learned query biases and absolute positional embeddings. Combining structural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Yuval Ran-Milo , Hila Ofek , Shahar Mendel

Multi-head attention, a collection of several attention mechanisms that independently attend to different parts of the input, is the key ingredient in the Transformer. Recent work has shown, however, that a large proportion of the heads in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-28 Jiaoda Li , Ryan Cotterell , Mrinmaya Sachan

\textit{Attention} computes the dependency between representations, and it encourages the model to focus on the important selective features. Attention-based models, such as Transformer and graph attention network (GAT), are widely utilized…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-02 Kyungwoo Song , Yohan Jung , Dongjun Kim , Il-Chul Moon

Transformers have been successfully used in various fields and are becoming the standard tools in computer vision. However, self-attention, a core component of transformers, has a quadratic complexity problem, which limits the use of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-06-02 Jiuk Hong , Chaehyeon Lee , Soyoun Bang , Heechul Jung

Spectral bias implies an imbalance in training dynamics, whereby high-frequency components may converge substantially more slowly than low-frequency ones. To alleviate this issue, we propose a cross-attention-based architecture that…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-12-23 Xiaodong Feng , Tao Tang , Xiaoliang Wan , Tao Zhou

Transformer-based architectures achieve state-of-the-art performance across a wide range of tasks in natural language processing, computer vision, and speech processing. However, their immense capacity often leads to overfitting, especially…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Mirza Samad Ahmed Baig , Syeda Anshrah Gillani , Abdul Akbar Khan , Shahid Munir Shah , Muhammad Omer Khan

Despite several successes in document understanding, the practical task for long document understanding is largely under-explored due to several challenges in computation and how to efficiently absorb long multimodal input. Most current…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-08-18 Hai Pham , Guoxin Wang , Yijuan Lu , Dinei Florencio , Cha Zhang

When modeling a given type of data, we consider it to involve two key aspects: 1) identifying relevant elements (e.g., image pixels or textual words) to a central element, as in a convolutional receptive field, or to a query element, as in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Hehe Fan , Yi Yang , Mohan Kankanhalli , Fei Wu

Transformers excel across domains, yet their quadratic attention complexity poses a barrier to scaling. Random-feature attention, as in Performers, can reduce this cost to linear in the sequence length by approximating the softmax kernel…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Amirhossein Farzam , Hossein Mobahi , Nolan Andrew Miller , Luke Sernau

The key to a Transformer model is the self-attention mechanism, which allows the model to analyze an entire sequence in a computationally efficient manner. Recent work has suggested the possibility that general attention mechanisms used by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-01 Thomas Dowdell , Hongyu Zhang

Transformer-based models have demonstrated exceptional performance across diverse domains, becoming the state-of-the-art solution for addressing sequential machine learning problems. Even though we have a general understanding of the…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2024-06-12 Ángel Poc-López , Miguel Aguilera

This research endeavors to offer insights into unlocking the further potential of transformer-based architectures. One of the primary motivations is to offer a geometric interpretation for the attention mechanism in transformers. In our…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Zhongping Ji

This study aims to enhance the quality of music generation using Transformers by incorporating meta-information. While Transformer-based approaches are effective at capturing long-term dependencies in musical compositions, the music they…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Shinnosuke Taksuka , Hideo Mukai