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Gradient-based bilevel optimisation is a powerful technique with applications in hyperparameter optimisation, task adaptation, algorithm discovery, meta-learning more broadly, and beyond. It often requires differentiating through the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Iurii Kemaev , Dan A Calian , Luisa M Zintgraf , Gregory Farquhar , Hado van Hasselt

Bilevel optimization, in which one optimization problem is nested inside another, underlies many machine learning applications with a hierarchical structure -- such as meta-learning and hyperparameter optimization. Such applications often…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Andrew Lowy , Daogao Liu

Estimating hyperparameters has been a long-standing problem in machine learning. We consider the case where the task at hand is modeled as the solution to an optimization problem. Here the exact gradient with respect to the hyperparameters…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-11-16 Matthias J. Ehrhardt , Lindon Roberts

A large number of application problems involve two levels of optimization, where one optimization task is nested inside the other. These problems are known as bilevel optimization problems and have been studied by both classical…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2017-05-09 Ankur Sinha , Zhichao Lu , Kalyanmoy Deb , Pekka Malo

Stochastic bilevel optimization tackles challenges involving nested optimization structures. Its fast-growing scale nowadays necessitates efficient distributed algorithms. In conventional distributed bilevel methods, each worker must…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-05-30 Yutong He , Jie Hu , Xinmeng Huang , Songtao Lu , Bin Wang , Kun Yuan

Training deep neural networks is a highly nontrivial task, involving carefully selecting appropriate training algorithms, scheduling step sizes and tuning other hyperparameters. Trying different combinations can be quite labor-intensive and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-06-13 Kaifeng Lv , Shunhua Jiang , Jian Li

Deep neural networks achieve state-of-the-art and sometimes super-human performance across various domains. However, when learning tasks sequentially, the networks easily forget the knowledge of previous tasks, known as "catastrophic…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-05-18 Shixiang Tang , Dapeng Chen , Jinguo Zhu , Shijie Yu , Wanli Ouyang

Despite the notable success of deep neural networks (DNNs) in solving complex tasks, the training process still remains considerable challenges. A primary obstacle is the substantial time required for training, particularly as high…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Viet Hoang Pham , Hyo-Sung Ahn

Hyperparameter optimization in machine learning is often achieved using naive techniques that only lead to an approximate set of hyperparameters. Although techniques such as Bayesian optimization perform an intelligent search on a given…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-21 Ankur Sinha , Satender Gunwal , Shivam Kumar

Bilevel optimization has been successfully applied to many important machine learning problems. Algorithms for solving bilevel optimization have been studied under various settings. In this paper, we study the nonconvex-strongly-convex…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-06-14 Xuxing Chen , Minhui Huang , Shiqian Ma

Decision making algorithms are used in a multitude of different applications. Conventional approaches for designing decision algorithms employ principled and simplified modelling, based on which one can determine decisions via tractable…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-06-23 Nir Shlezinger , Yonina C. Eldar , Stephen P. Boyd

Multi-level optimization has gained increasing attention in recent years, as it provides a powerful framework for solving complex optimization problems that arise in many fields, such as meta-learning, multi-player games, reinforcement…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-11 Shuoguang Yang , Xuezhou Zhang , Mengdi Wang

Bilevel optimization and bilevel minimax optimization have recently emerged as unifying frameworks for a range of machine-learning tasks, including hyperparameter optimization and reinforcement learning. The existing literature focuses on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Xuelin Zhang , Peipei Yuan

Diffusion models, which iteratively denoise data samples to synthesize high-quality outputs, have achieved empirical success across domains. However, optimizing these models for downstream tasks often involves nested bilevel structures,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Quan Xiao , Hui Yuan , A F M Saif , Gaowen Liu , Ramana Kompella , Mengdi Wang , Tianyi Chen

Bilevel programs (BPs) find a wide range of applications in fields such as energy, transportation, and machine learning. As compared to BPs with continuous (linear/convex) optimization problems in both levels, the BPs with discrete decision…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-07-25 Bo Zhou , Ruiwei Jiang , Siqian Shen

This article reviews modern optimization methods for training neural networks with an emphasis on efficiency and scale. We present state-of-the-art optimization algorithms under a unified algorithmic template that highlights the importance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Thomas Pethick , Kimon Antonakopoulos , Antonio Silveti-Falls , Leena Chennuru Vankadara , Volkan Cevher

While deep learning models have replaced hand-designed features across many domains, these models are still trained with hand-designed optimizers. In this work, we leverage the same scaling approach behind the success of deep learning to…

Bilevel optimization has been developed for many machine learning tasks with large-scale and high-dimensional data. This paper considers a constrained bilevel optimization problem, where the lower-level optimization problem is convex with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-22 Siyuan Xu , Minghui Zhu

Neural network optimization remains one of the most consequential yet poorly understood challenges in modern AI research, where improvements in training algorithms can lead to enhanced feature learning in foundation models,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Ansh Nagwekar

Hyperparameter tuning is an active area of research in machine learning, where the aim is to identify the optimal hyperparameters that provide the best performance on the validation set. Hyperparameter tuning is often achieved using naive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-23 Ankur Sinha , Tanmay Khandait , Raja Mohanty