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We present a novel approach for attacking black-box large language models (LLMs) by exploiting their ability to express confidence in natural language. Existing black-box attacks require either access to continuous model outputs like logits…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Jie Zhang , Meng Ding , Yang Liu , Jue Hong , Florian Tramèr

Given the exceptional performance of proprietary large language models (LLMs) like GPT-4, recent research has increasingly focused on boosting the capabilities of smaller models through knowledge distillation (KD) from these powerful yet…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Hongzhan Chen , Ruijun Chen , Yuqi Yi , Xiaojun Quan , Chenliang Li , Ming Yan , Ji Zhang

We formalize the problem of prompt compression for large language models (LLMs) and present a framework to unify token-level prompt compression methods which create hard prompts for black-box models. We derive the distortion-rate function…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-12 Alliot Nagle , Adway Girish , Marco Bondaschi , Michael Gastpar , Ashok Vardhan Makkuva , Hyeji Kim

Training or finetuning large-scale language models (LLMs) requires substantial computation resources, motivating recent efforts to explore parameter-efficient adaptation to downstream tasks. One approach is to treat these models as black…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-20 Danqing Luo , Chen Zhang , Yan Zhang , Haizhou Li

Extremely large pre-trained language models (PTMs) such as GPT-3 are usually released as a service. It allows users to design task-specific prompts to query the PTMs through some black-box APIs. In such a scenario, which we call…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-28 Tianxiang Sun , Yunfan Shao , Hong Qian , Xuanjing Huang , Xipeng Qiu

While explicit Chain-of-Thought (CoT) equips Large Language Models (LLMs) with strong reasoning capabilities, it requires models to verbalize every intermediate step in text tokens, constraining the model thoughts to the discrete vocabulary…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Weihao Liu , Dehai Min , Lu Cheng

The scaling of model and data sizes has reshaped the AI landscape, establishing finetuning pretrained models as the standard paradigm for solving downstream tasks. However, dominant finetuning methods typically rely on weight adaptation,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Leyang Hu , Matteo Gamba , Randall Balestriero

Vision-language models (VLMs) such as CLIP exhibit strong zero-shot generalization but remain sensitive to domain shifts at test time. Test-time prompt tuning (TPT) mitigates this issue by adapting prompts with fixed augmentations, which…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Yuqing Lei , Yingjun Du , Yawen Huang , Xiantong Zhen , Ling Shao

Large Language Models (LLMs) deployed on edge devices, known as edge LLMs, need to continuously fine-tune their model parameters from user-generated data under limited resource constraints. However, most existing learning methods are not…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-14 Ruiyang Qin , Pengyu Ren , Zheyu Yan , Liu Liu , Dancheng Liu , Amir Nassereldine , Jinjun Xiong , Kai Ni , Sharon Hu , Yiyu Shi

Training or finetuning large-scale language models (LLMs) such as GPT-3 requires substantial computation resources, motivating recent efforts to explore parameter-efficient adaptation to downstream tasks. One practical area of research is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-23 Danqing Luo , Chen Zhang , Jiahui Xu , Bin Wang , Yiming Chen , Yan Zhang , Haizhou Li

Prompt tuning has been an extremely effective tool to adapt a pre-trained model to downstream tasks. However, standard prompt-based methods mainly consider the case of sufficient data of downstream tasks. It is still unclear whether the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-07-19 Ping Yu , Wei Wang , Chunyuan Li , Ruiyi Zhang , Zhanpeng Jin , Changyou Chen

Recently, prompt tuning \cite{lester2021power} has gradually become a new paradigm for NLP, which only depends on the representation of the words by freezing the parameters of pre-trained language models (PLMs) to obtain remarkable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-31 Pan He , Yuxi Chen , Yan Wang , Yanru Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized numerous fields, yet their adaptation to specialized tasks in privacy-sensitive domains such as healthcare and finance remains constrained due to the scarcity of accessible training data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Jinglong Luo , Zhuo Zhang , Yehong Zhang , Shiyu Liu , Ye Dong , Hui Wang , Yue Yu , Xun Zhou , Zenglin Xu

Self-supervised learning has been actively studied in time series domain recently, especially for masked reconstruction. Most of these methods follow the "Pre-training + Fine-tuning" paradigm in which a new decoder replaces the pre-trained…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-08 Hao Liu , Jinrui Gan , Xiaoxuan Fan , Yi Zhang , Chuanxian Luo , Jing Zhang , Guangxin Jiang , Yucheng Qian , Changwei Zhao , Huan Ma , Zhenyu Guo

Large language models (LLMs) primarily rely on supervised fine-tuning (SFT) as a key method to adapt pre-trained models to domain-specific tasks such as mathematical reasoning. However, standard SFT uniformly penalizes all tokens,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Zhiwen Ruan , Yixia Li , He Zhu , Yun Chen , Peng Li , Yang Liu , Guanhua Chen

Low precision training can significantly reduce the computational overhead of training deep neural networks (DNNs). Though many such techniques exist, cyclic precision training (CPT), which dynamically adjusts precision throughout training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Cameron R. Wolfe , Anastasios Kyrillidis

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated significant improvements in reasoning capabilities through supervised fine-tuning and reinforcement learning. However, when training reasoning models, these approaches are primarily applicable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-16 Yoichi Ishibashi , Taro Yano , Masafumi Oyamada

We propose Consistency-guided Prompt learning (CoPrompt), a new fine-tuning method for vision-language models. Our approach improves the generalization of large foundation models when fine-tuned on downstream tasks in a few-shot setting.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Shuvendu Roy , Ali Etemad

Prompt tuning learns soft prompts to condition frozen Pre-trained Language Models (PLMs) for performing downstream tasks in a parameter-efficient manner. While prompt tuning has gradually reached the performance level of fine-tuning as the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-11 Fang Ma , Chen Zhang , Lei Ren , Jingang Wang , Qifan Wang , Wei Wu , Xiaojun Quan , Dawei Song

Recent works have shown promising results of prompt tuning in stimulating pre-trained language models (PLMs) for natural language processing (NLP) tasks. However, to the best of our knowledge, existing works focus on prompt-tuning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-24 Yuan Yao , Bowen Dong , Ao Zhang , Zhengyan Zhang , Ruobing Xie , Zhiyuan Liu , Leyu Lin , Maosong Sun , Jianyong Wang