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Despite the widespread application of Large Language Models (LLMs) across various domains, they frequently exhibit overconfidence when encountering uncertain scenarios, yet existing solutions primarily rely on evasive responses (e.g., "I…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Jingyu Liu , Jingquan Peng , xiaopeng Wu , Xubin Li , Tiezheng Ge , Bo Zheng , Yong Liu

The utility of Large Language Models (LLMs) in analytical tasks is rooted in their vast pre-trained knowledge, which allows them to interpret ambiguous inputs and infer missing information. However, this same capability introduces a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Humam Kourani , Anton Antonov , Alessandro Berti , Wil M. P. van der Aalst

Although demonstrating remarkable performance on reasoning tasks, Large Language Models (LLMs) still tend to fabricate unreliable responses when confronted with problems that are unsolvable or beyond their capability, severely undermining…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Boyang Xue , Qi Zhu , Rui Wang , Sheng Wang , Hongru Wang , Minda Hu , Fei Mi , Yasheng Wang , Lifeng Shang , Qun Liu , Kam-Fai Wong

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) often struggle with fine-grained perception, such as identifying small objects in high-resolution images or detecting key moments in long videos. Existing methods typically rely on complex,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Sanghwan Kim , Rui Xiao , Stephan Alaniz , Yongqin Xian , Zeynep Akata

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in safety-critical domains, yet remain susceptible to hallucinations. While prior works have proposed confidence representation methods for hallucination detection, most of these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Elyes Hajji , Aymen Bouguerra , Fabio Arnez

Large Language Models are increasingly used to build agents to perform more complex tasks. As LLMs perform more complicated reasoning through longer interactions, self-consistency, i.e., the idea that the answer obtained from sampling and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-12-12 Naryeong Kim , Sungmin Kang , Gabin An , Shin Yoo

Large language model (LLM) agents are increasingly deployed in structured biomedical data environments, yet they often produce fluent but overconfident outputs when reasoning over complex multi-table data. We introduce an uncertainty-aware…

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) frameworks enable large language models (LLMs) to retrieve relevant information from a knowledge base and incorporate it into the context for generating responses. This mitigates hallucinations and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Pouria Rouzrokh , Shahriar Faghani , Cooper U. Gamble , Moein Shariatnia , Bradley J. Erickson

Large Language Models (LLMs) have gained significant popularity for their impressive performance across diverse fields. However, LLMs are prone to hallucinate untruthful or nonsensical outputs that fail to meet user expectations in many…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-23 Tianhang Zhang , Lin Qiu , Qipeng Guo , Cheng Deng , Yue Zhang , Zheng Zhang , Chenghu Zhou , Xinbing Wang , Luoyi Fu

Despite tremendous advancements in large language models (LLMs) over recent years, a notably urgent challenge for their practical deployment is the phenomenon of hallucination, where the model fabricates facts and produces non-factual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Derui Zhu , Dingfan Chen , Qing Li , Zongxiong Chen , Lei Ma , Jens Grossklags , Mario Fritz

Large Language Models (LLMs) have showcased impressive reasoning capabilities, particularly when guided by specifically designed prompts in complex reasoning tasks such as math word problems. These models typically solve tasks using a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-04-23 Lang Cao

Despite the remarkable abilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) to answer questions, they often display a considerable level of overconfidence even when the question does not have a definitive answer. To avoid providing hallucinated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-03 Yang Deng , Yong Zhao , Moxin Li , See-Kiong Ng , Tat-Seng Chua

A major barrier towards the practical deployment of large language models (LLMs) is their lack of reliability. Three situations where this is particularly apparent are correctness, hallucinations when given unanswerable questions, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-18 Christian Tomani , Kamalika Chaudhuri , Ivan Evtimov , Daniel Cremers , Mark Ibrahim

Uncertainty quantification (UQ) has emerged as a promising approach for detecting hallucinations and low-quality output of Large Language Models (LLMs). However, obtaining proper uncertainty scores is complicated by the conditional…

Prospect Theory (PT) models human decision-making behaviour under uncertainty, among which linguistic uncertainty is commonly adopted in real-world scenarios. Although recent studies have developed some frameworks to test PT parameters for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Rui Wang , Qihan Lin , Jiayu Liu , Qing Zong , Tianshi Zheng , Dadi Guo , Haochen Shi , Weiqi Wang , Yangqiu Song

Causality is essential in scientific research, enabling researchers to interpret true relationships between variables. These causal relationships are often represented by causal graphs, which are directed acyclic graphs. With the recent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Ivaxi Sheth , Bahare Fatemi , Mario Fritz

Understanding and quantifying uncertainty in large language model (LLM) outputs is critical for reliable deployment. However, traditional evaluation approaches provide limited insight into model confidence at individual token positions…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Farhan Ahmed , Yuya Jeremy Ong , Chad DeLuca

Large language models (LLMs) often respond confidently to questions even when they lack the necessary information, leading to hallucinated answers. In this work, we study the problem of (un)answerability detection, focusing on extractive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Maor Juliet Lavi , Tova Milo , Mor Geva

Large Language Models (LLMs) are optimized to produce distributionally plausible continuations rather than to explicitly verify whether generated propositions are entailed by source documents. This inductive bias enables generalization, but…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Paul Landes , Pranav Herur , Adam Cross , Jimeng Sun

LLM-as-a-Judge is a widely used method for evaluating the performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) across various tasks. We address the challenge of quantifying the uncertainty of LLM-as-a-Judge evaluations. While uncertainty…