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The Open Source Software movement has been growing exponentially for a number of years with no signs of slowing. Driving this growth is the widespread availability of libraries and frameworks that provide many functionalities. Developers…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-06-22 Stan Zajdel , Diego Elias Costa , Hafedh Mili

Third-party libraries are a central building block to develop software systems. However, outdated third-party libraries are commonly used, and developers are usually less aware of the potential risks. Therefore, a quantitative and holistic…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-02-26 Ying Wang , Bihuan Chen , Kaifeng Huang , Bowen Shi , Congying Xu , Xin Peng , Yang Liu , Yijian Wu

Software libraries are central to the functionality, security, and maintainability of modern code. As developers increasingly turn to Large Language Models (LLMs) to assist with programming tasks, understanding how these models recommend…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Jasmine Latendresse , SayedHassan Khatoonabadi , Emad Shihab

Software systems often leverage on open source software libraries to reuse functionalities. Such libraries are readily available through software package managers like npm for JavaScript. Due to the huge amount of packages available in such…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-02-27 Ahmed Zerouali , Tom Mens , Gregorio Robles , Jesus M. Gonzalez-Barahona

The risk to using third-party libraries in a software application is that much needed maintenance is solely carried out by library maintainers. These libraries may rely on a core team of maintainers (who might be a single maintainer that is…

Software ecosystems are collections of projects that are developed and evolve together in the same environment. Existing literature investigates software ecosystems as isolated entities whose boundaries do not overlap and assumes they are…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-12-14 Eleni Constantinou , Alexandre Decan , Tom Mens

The management of third-party package dependencies is crucial to most technology stacks, with package managers acting as brokers to ensure that a verified package is correctly installed, configured, or removed from an application. Diversity…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-08-16 Syful Islam , Raula Gaikovina Kula , Christoph Treude , Bodin Chinthanet , Takashi Ishio , Kenichi Matsumoto

Software ecosystems have had a tremendous impact on computing and society, capturing the attention of businesses, researchers, and policy makers alike. Massive ecosystems like the JavaScript node package manager (npm) is evidence of how…

Third-party package usage has become a common practice in contemporary software development. Developers often face different challenges, including choosing the right libraries, installing errors, discrepancies, setting up the environment,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-03-01 Syful Islam , Dong Wang , Raula Gaikovina Kula , Takashi Ishio , Kenichi Matsumoto

With the urgent need to secure supply chains among Open Source libraries, attention has focused on mitigating vulnerabilities detected in these libraries. Although awareness has improved recently, most studies still report delays in the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Ruksit Rojpaisarnkit , Hathaichanok Damrongsiri , Christoph Treude , Ali Ouni , Raula Gaikovina Kula

Open-source software (OSS) has become increasingly more popular across different domains. However, this rapid development and widespread adoption come with a security cost. The growing complexity and openness of OSS ecosystems have led to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Seyed Ali Akhavani , Behzad Ousat , Amin Kharraz

Open-source software (OSS) is widely spread in industry, research, and government. OSS represents an effective development model because it harnesses the decentralized efforts of many developers in a way that scales. As OSS developers work…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-11-24 William Schueller , Johannes Wachs , Vito D. P. Servedio , Stefan Thurner , Vittorio Loreto

Nearly every popular programming language comes with one or more package managers. The software packages distributed by such package managers form large software ecosystems. These packaging ecosystems contain a large number of package…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2017-10-16 Alexandre Decan , Tom Mens , Philippe Grosjean

Background: Open source requires participation of volunteer and commercial developers (users) in order to deliver functional high-quality components. Developers both contribute effort in the form of patches and demand effort from the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-07-16 Tapajit Dey , Yuxing Ma , Audris Mockus

Breaking changes cause a lot of effort to both downstream and upstream developers: downstream developers need to adapt to breaking changes and upstream developers are responsible for identifying and documenting them. In the NPM ecosystem,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Dezhen Kong , Jiakun Liu , Lingfeng Bao , David Lo

Modern software systems have transitioned from purely code-based architectures to AI-integrated systems where pre-trained models (PTMs) serve as permanent dependencies. However, while the evolution of traditional software libraries is…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Peerachai Banyongrakkul , Mansooreh Zahedi , Christoph Treude , Haoyu Gao , Patanamon Thongtanunam

The npm (Node Package Manager) ecosystem is the most important package manager for JavaScript development with millions of users. Consequently, a plethora of earlier work investigated how vulnerability reporting, patch propagation, and in…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Rajdeep Ghosh , Shiladitya De , Mainack Mondal

In the early 1980s, Open Source Software emerged as a revolutionary concept amidst the dominance of proprietary software. What began as a revolutionary idea has now become the cornerstone of computer science. Amidst OSS projects, AI is…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Matteo Esposito , Andrea Janes , Valentina Lenarduzzi , Davide Taibi

Background: Open Source Software (OSS) libraries form the backbone of modern software systems, yet their long-term sustainability often depends on maintainers being reachable for support, coordination, and security reporting. Aims: In this…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Alexandros Tsakpinis , Alexander Pretschner

Open-Source Projects and Libraries are being used in software development while also bearing multiple security vulnerabilities. This use of third party ecosystem creates a new kind of attack surface for a product in development. An…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-08-15 Lorenzo Neil , Sudip Mittal , Anupam Joshi