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Recently, operator learning, or learning mappings between infinite-dimensional function spaces, has garnered significant attention, notably in relation to learning partial differential equations from data. Conceptually clear when outlined…

While it is widely known that neural networks are universal approximators of continuous functions, a less known and perhaps more powerful result is that a neural network with a single hidden layer can approximate accurately any nonlinear…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-03 Lu Lu , Pengzhan Jin , George Em Karniadakis

The classical development of neural networks has primarily focused on learning mappings between finite dimensional Euclidean spaces or finite sets. We propose a generalization of neural networks to learn operators, termed neural operators,…

This focused review explores a range of neural operator architectures for approximating solutions to parametric partial differential equations (PDEs), emphasizing high-level concepts and practical implementation strategies. The study covers…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2025-03-10 Prashant K. Jha

In Artificial Intelligence (AI) and computational science, learning the mappings between functions (called operators) defined on complex computational domains is a common theoretical challenge. Recently, Neural Operator emerged as a…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2023-12-13 Gengxiang Chen , Xu Liu , Qinglu Meng , Lu Chen , Changqing Liu , Yingguang Li

In this work, we consider the problem of learning nonlinear operators that correspond to discrete-time nonlinear dynamical systems with inputs. Given an initial state and a finite input trajectory, such operators yield a finite output…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-12-25 Mircea Lazar

We propose derivative-informed neural operators (DINOs), a general family of neural networks to approximate operators as infinite-dimensional mappings from input function spaces to output function spaces or quantities of interest. After…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2023-10-18 Thomas O'Leary-Roseberry , Peng Chen , Umberto Villa , Omar Ghattas

This paper examines the application of the Kernel Sum of Squares (KSOS) method for enhancing kernel learning from data, particularly in the context of dynamical systems. Traditional kernel-based methods, despite their theoretical soundness…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-14 Daniel Lengyel , Panos Parpas , Boumediene Hamzi , Houman Owhadi

We present approximation theories and efficient training methods for derivative-informed Fourier neural operators (DIFNOs) with applications to PDE-constrained optimization. A DIFNO is an FNO trained by minimizing its prediction error…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Boyuan Yao , Dingcheng Luo , Lianghao Cao , Nikola Kovachki , Thomas O'Leary-Roseberry , Omar Ghattas

Neural operators, which emerge as implicit solution operators of hidden governing equations, have recently become popular tools for learning responses of complex real-world physical systems. Nevertheless, the majority of neural operator…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-31 Ning Liu , Yue Yu , Huaiqian You , Neeraj Tatikola

Neural operator learning directly constructs the mapping relationship from the equation parameter space to the solution space, enabling efficient direct inference in practical applications without the need for repeated solution of partial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Heng Wu , Junjie Wang , Benzhuo Lu

Operator learning is the approximation of operators between infinite dimensional Banach spaces using machine learning approaches. While most progress in this area has been driven by variants of deep neural networks such as the Deep Operator…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-11 Chunyang Liao , Deanna Needell , Hayden Schaeffer

A variety of infinitely wide neural architectures (e.g., dense NNs, CNNs, and transformers) induce Gaussian process (GP) priors over their outputs. These relationships provide both an accurate characterization of the prior predictive…

Bilevel optimization has emerged as a technique for addressing a wide range of machine learning problems that involve an outer objective implicitly determined by the minimizer of an inner problem. While prior works have primarily focused on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Fares El Khoury , Edouard Pauwels , Samuel Vaiter , Michael Arbel

We develop a rigorous framework for extending neural operators to handle out-of-distribution input functions. We leverage kernel approximation techniques and provide theory for characterizing the input-output function spaces in terms of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Blaine Quackenbush , Paul J. Atzberger

This paper presents a framework for computing random operator-valued feature maps for operator-valued positive definite kernels. This is a generalization of the random Fourier features for scalar-valued kernels to the operator-valued case.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-08-22 Ha Quang Minh

Higher-order learning is fundamentally rooted in exploiting compositional features. It clearly hinges on enriching the representation by more elaborate interactions of the data which, in turn, tends to increase the model complexity of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Haoyu Yun , Hamid Krim , Yufang Bao

Quantum neural networks (QNNs) and quantum kernels stand as prominent figures in the realm of quantum machine learning, poised to leverage the nascent capabilities of near-term quantum computers to surmount classical machine learning…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-12-14 Yiming Huang , Huiyuan Wang , Yuxuan Du , Xiao Yuan

Koopman operator theory is a popular candidate for data-driven modeling because it provides a global linearization representation for nonlinear dynamical systems. However, existing Koopman operator-based methods suffer from shortcomings in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-26 Yuhong Jin , Andong Cong , Lei Hou , Qiang Gao , Xiangdong Ge , Chonglong Zhu , Yongzhi Feng , Jun Li

Neural operators, which can act as implicit solution operators of hidden governing equations, have recently become popular tools for learning the responses of complex real-world physical systems. Nevertheless, most neural operator…

Materials Science · Physics 2024-01-12 Siavash Jafarzadeh , Stewart Silling , Ning Liu , Zhongqiang Zhang , Yue Yu