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We summarize our investigation of the extent to which the choice of internal clock influences the dynamics in quantum models of gravity. Firstly, at the classical level, we define an extension to the Hamilton-Jacobi theory of contact…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-12-15 Przemyslaw Malkiewicz

The existence of a minimum measurable length scale was suggested by various theories of quantum gravity, string theory and black hole physics. Motivated by this, we examine a quantum theory exhibiting a minimum measurable time scale. We use…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-22 Ziemowit Domański

In the past few decades, researchers have created a veritable zoo of quantum algorithms by drawing inspiration from classical computing, information theory, and even from physical phenomena. Here we present quantum algorithms for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-02 N. L. Diaz , Paolo Braccia , Martin Larocca , J. M. Matera , R. Rossignoli , M. Cerezo

The conventional, time-dependent Schroedinger equation describes only unidirectional time evolution of the state of a physical system, i.e., forward or, less commonly, backward. This paper proposes a generalized quantum dynamics for the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-11-26 G. E. Hahne

Quantum time dilation occurs when a clock moves in a superposition of relativistic momentum wave packets. We utilize the lifetime of an excited hydrogen-like atom as a clock to demonstrate how quantum time dilation manifests in a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-04-28 Piotr T. Grochowski , Alexander R. H. Smith , Andrzej Dragan , Kacper Dębski

The `problem of time' remains an unresolved issue in all known physical descriptions of the Universe. One aspect of this problem is the conspicuous absence of time in the Wheeler-Dewitt equation, which is the analogue of the Schrodinger…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-12-24 K. L. H. Bryan , A. J. M. Medved

We introduced with coauthors some years ago a solution to the problem of time in quantum gravity which consists in formulating the quantum theory in terms of real clocks. It combines Page and Wootters' relational proposal with Rovelli's…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-05-03 Rodolfo Gambini , Jorge Pullin

We derive the time dilation formula for charged quantum clocks in electromagnetic fields. As a concrete example of non-inertial motion, we consider a cyclotron motion in a uniform magnetic field. Applying the time dilation formula to…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-08-02 Takeshi Chiba , Shunichiro Kinoshita

The local conservation of a physical quantity whose distribution changes with time is mathematically described by the continuity equation. The corresponding time parameter, however, is defined with respect to an idealized classical clock.…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2018-11-21 Axel Schild

A novel quantum time dilation effect is shown to arise when a clock moves in a quantum superposition of two relativistic velocities. This effect is argued to be measurable using existing atomic interferometry techniques, potentially…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-04-28 Alexander R. H. Smith

Every clock is a physical system and thereby ultimately quantum. A naturally arising question is how to describe time evolution relative to quantum clocks and, specifically, how the dynamics relative to different quantum clocks are related.…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-01-05 Philipp A Hoehn , Augustin Vanrietvelde

We discuss a systematic way in which a relational dynamics can be established relative to periodic clocks both in the classical and quantum theories, emphasising the parallels between them. We show that: (1) classical and quantum relational…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-13 Leonardo Chataignier , Philipp A. Hoehn , Maximilian P. E. Lock , Fabio M. Mele

In quantum mechanics, time is introduced as a non-measurable quantity, as there is no possibility to build a hermitian operator canonically conjugated to the Hamiltonian. We cannot have, therefore, the time operator, which means that the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-03-27 Andrzej Góźdź , Marek Góźdź

One of the most fundamental open problems in physics is the unification of general relativity and quantum theory to a theory of quantum gravity. An aspect that might become relevant in such a theory is that the dynamical nature of causal…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-03-14 Veronika Baumann , Marius Krumm , Philippe Allard Guérin , Časlav Brukner

We establish a novel quantum protocol called Timelike Quantum Energy Teleportation (TQET) between two separated parties $A$ and $B$, designed for transporting quantum energy across spacetime. The amount of energy gained through TQET is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-30 Kazuki Ikeda

Canonical quantization applied to closed systems leads to static equations, the Wheeler-deWitt equation in Quantum Gravity and the time independent Schr\"odinger equation in Quantum Mechanics. How to restore time is the Problem of Time(s).…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-01-21 M. Bauer , C. A. Aguillón

The time-of-arrival problem asks for the probability distribution for when a quantum particle reaches a specified location. It has been the subject of decades of debate, exemplifying the lack of a self-adjoint time observable in quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-02 Niyusha Hosseini , Maximilian P. E. Lock

In quantum theory, the concept of time rests on shaky ground. One way to address this problem is to remove the usual background time parameter as a primitive entity and explain its emergence via correlations between physical systems. This…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-09-12 Simone Rijavec

Quantum gravity in a closed universe faces two a priori distinct yet seemingly related issues: the problem of time and the fact that its Hilbert space dimension is one. Both have been argued to be resolvable by formulating physics relative…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2025-06-27 Zixia Wei

It is expected that a quantum theory of gravity will radically alter our current notion of spacetime geometry. However, contrary to what was commonly assumed for many decades, quantum gravity effects could manifest in scales much larger…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-05-14 Eduardo A. B. Oliveira , Andre G. S. Landulfo