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During the past several years, a surge of multi-lingual Pre-trained Language Models (PLMs) has been proposed to achieve state-of-the-art performance in many cross-lingual downstream tasks. However, the understanding of why multi-lingual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-24 Junxiang Wang , Xuchao Zhang , Bo Zong , Yanchi Liu , Wei Cheng , Jingchao Ni , Haifeng Chen , Liang Zhao

Recent developments in unsupervised representation learning have successfully established the concept of transfer learning in NLP. Mainly three forces are driving the improvements in this area of research: More elaborated architectures are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-07-22 Matthias Aßenmacher , Christian Heumann

The ratio of outlier parameters in language pre-training models and vision pre-training models differs significantly, making cross-modality (language and vision) inherently more challenging than cross-domain adaptation. As a result, many…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Yaxin Luo , Zhiqiang Shen

Language models pretrained on text from a wide variety of sources form the foundation of today's NLP. In light of the success of these broad-coverage models, we investigate whether it is still helpful to tailor a pretrained model to the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-07 Suchin Gururangan , Ana Marasović , Swabha Swayamdipta , Kyle Lo , Iz Beltagy , Doug Downey , Noah A. Smith

This paper investigates how Large Language Models (LLMs) represent non-English tokens -- a question that remains underexplored despite recent progress. We propose a lightweight intervention method using representation steering, where a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Omar Mahmoud , Buddhika Laknath Semage , Thommen George Karimpanal , Santu Rana

Previous dialogue summarization techniques adapt large language models pretrained on the narrative text by injecting dialogue-specific features into the models. These features either require additional knowledge to recognize or make the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-29 Qi Jia , Yizhu Liu , Haifeng Tang , Kenny Q. Zhu

The performance of multilingual pretrained models is highly dependent on the availability of monolingual or parallel text present in a target language. Thus, the majority of the world's languages cannot benefit from recent progress in NLP…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-07 Xinyi Wang , Sebastian Ruder , Graham Neubig

Training Large Language Models (LLMs) with high multilingual coverage is becoming increasingly important -- especially when monolingual resources are scarce. Recent studies have found that LLMs process multilingual inputs in shared concept…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Felicia Körner , Max Müller-Eberstein , Anna Korhonen , Barbara Plank

Modern NLP applications have enjoyed a great boost utilizing neural networks models. Such deep neural models, however, are not applicable to most human languages due to the lack of annotated training data for various NLP tasks.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-06 Xilun Chen , Ahmed Hassan Awadallah , Hany Hassan , Wei Wang , Claire Cardie

Paralinguistic speech tasks are often considered relatively language-agnostic, as they rely on extralinguistic acoustic cues rather than lexical content. However, prior studies report performance degradation under cross-lingual conditions,…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-10 Pol Buitrago , Oriol Pareras , Federico Costa , Javier Hernando

Cross-lingual alignment (CLA) aims to align multilingual representations, enabling Large Language Models (LLMs) to seamlessly transfer knowledge across languages. While intuitive, we hypothesize, this pursuit of representational convergence…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-31 HyoJung Han , Sweta Agrawal , Eleftheria Briakou

Pre-training large-scale neural language models on raw texts has made a significant contribution to improving transfer learning in natural language processing (NLP). With the introduction of transformer-based language models, such as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-08 Shoya Wada , Toshihiro Takeda , Shiro Manabe , Shozo Konishi , Jun Kamohara , Yasushi Matsumura

Cross-lingual transfer is a leading technique for parsing low-resource languages in the absence of explicit supervision. Simple `direct transfer' of a learned model based on a multilingual input encoding has provided a strong benchmark.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-01-28 Kemal Kurniawan , Lea Frermann , Philip Schulz , Trevor Cohn

Transliteration, the process of mapping text from one script to another, plays a crucial role in multilingual natural language processing, especially within linguistically diverse contexts such as India. Despite significant advancements…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Gulfarogh Azam , Mohd Sadique , Saif Ali , Mohammad Nadeem , Erik Cambria , Shahab Saquib Sohail , Mohammad Sultan Alam

Multilingual Large Language Models (LLMs) achieve remarkable levels of zero-shot cross-lingual transfer performance. We speculate that this is predicated on their ability to align languages without explicit supervision from parallel…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Hetong Wang , Pasquale Minervini , Edoardo M. Ponti

Although LLMs have attained significant success in high-resource languages, their capacity in low-resource linguistic environments like Kannada and Arabic is not yet fully understood. This work benchmarking the performance of multilingual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Maitha Alshehhi , Ahmed Sharshar , Mohsen Guizani

This study investigates the factors influencing the performance of multilingual large language models (MLLMs) across diverse languages. We study 6 MLLMs, including masked language models, autoregressive models, and instruction-tuned LLMs,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Sina Bagheri Nezhad , Ameeta Agrawal

In this work, we introduce EMMA-500, a large-scale multilingual language model continue-trained on texts across 546 languages designed for enhanced multilingual performance, focusing on improving language coverage for low-resource…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Shaoxiong Ji , Zihao Li , Jaakko Paavola , Peiqin Lin , Pinzhen Chen , Dayyán O'Brien , Hengyu Luo , Hinrich Schütze , Jörg Tiedemann , Barry Haddow

Meta-learning, or learning to learn, is a technique that can help to overcome resource scarcity in cross-lingual NLP problems, by enabling fast adaptation to new tasks. We apply model-agnostic meta-learning (MAML) to the task of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-24 Anna Langedijk , Verna Dankers , Phillip Lippe , Sander Bos , Bryan Cardenas Guevara , Helen Yannakoudakis , Ekaterina Shutova

The introduction of pretrained cross-lingual language models brought decisive improvements to multilingual NLP tasks. However, the lack of labelled task data necessitates a variety of methods aiming to close the gap to high-resource…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-26 Milan Gritta , Ignacio Iacobacci