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A class of estimators of the R\'{e}nyi and Tsallis entropies of an unknown distribution $f$ in $\mathbb{R}^m$ is presented. These estimators are based on the $k$th nearest-neighbor distances computed from a sample of $N$ i.i.d. vectors with…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2012-11-16 Nikolai Leonenko , Luc Pronzato , Vippal Savani

We present a detailed derivation of some estimators of Shannon entropy for discrete distributions. They hold for finite samples of N points distributed into M "boxes", with N and M -> oo, but N/M < oo. In the high sampling regime (<< 1…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2011-11-09 P. Grassberger

We establish uniform-in-bandwidth consistency for kernel-type estimators of the differential entropy. We consider two kernel-type estimators of Shannon's entropy. As a consequence, an asymptotic 100% confidence interval of entropy is…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2019-03-06 Salim Bouzebda , Issam Elhattab

We present a new class of estimators of Shannon entropy for severely undersampled discrete distributions. It is based on a generalization of an estimator proposed by T. Schuermann, which itself is a generalization of an estimator proposed…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-11-30 Peter Grassberger

The problem of Shannon entropy estimation in countable infinite alphabets is addressed from the study and use of convergence results of the entropy functional, which is known to be discontinuous with respect to the total variation distance…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2018-04-03 Jorge F. Silva

The problem of estimation of density functionals like entropy and mutual information has received much attention in the statistics and information theory communities. A large class of estimators of functionals of the probability density…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2013-03-05 Kumar Sricharan , Dennis Wei , Alfred O. Hero

For studies in reliability, biometry, and survival analysis, the length-biased distribution is often well-suited for certain natural sampling plans. In this paper, we study the strong uniform consistency of two nonparametric estimators for…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-09-22 Vaishnavi Pavithradas , Rajesh G

Reliable data-driven estimation of Shannon entropy from small data sets, where the number of examples is potentially smaller than the number of possible outcomes, is a critical matter in several applications. In this paper, we introduce a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-12 Gabriel F. A. Bastos , Jugurta Montalvão

This paper introduces a class of k-nearest neighbor ($k$-NN) estimators called bipartite plug-in (BPI) estimators for estimating integrals of non-linear functions of a probability density, such as Shannon entropy and R\'enyi entropy. The…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2012-02-28 Kumar Sricharan , Raviv Raich , Alfred O. Hero

Entropy estimation plays a significant role in biology, economics, physics, communication engineering and other disciplines. It is increasingly used in software engineering, e.g. in software confidentiality, software testing, predictive…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Ilaria Pia la Torre , David A. Kelly , Hector D. Menendez , David Clark

We introduce unbiased estimators for the Shannon entropy and the class number, in the situation that we are able to take sequences of independent samples of arbitrary length.

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2014-10-21 Stephen Montgomery-Smith , T. Schürmann

This paper studies the problem of estimating the differential entropy $h(S+Z)$, where $S$ and $Z$ are independent $d$-dimensional random variables with $Z\sim\mathcal{N}(0,\sigma^2 \mathrm{I}_d)$. The distribution of $S$ is unknown, but $n$…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2019-06-04 Ziv Goldfeld , Kristjan Greenewald , Yury Polyanskiy

We examine the estimation of the Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence and the use of the goodness-of-fit test for multivariate continuous distributions. Our starting point is the maximum entropy principle for Shannon entropy: among all…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2026-03-10 Mehmet Siddik Cadirci , Martin Singull

The statistical analysis of data stemming from dynamical systems, including, but not limited to, time series, routinely relies on the estimation of information theoretical quantities, most notably Shannon entropy. To this purpose, possibly…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-09-01 Leonardo Ricci , Alessio Perinelli , Michele Castelluzzo

Many statistical procedures, including goodness-of-fit tests and methods for independent component analysis, rely critically on the estimation of the entropy of a distribution. In this paper, we seek entropy estimators that are efficient…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2017-06-23 Thomas B. Berrett , Richard J. Samworth , Ming Yuan

Shannon entropy is often a quantity of interest to linguists studying the communicative capacity of human language. However, entropy must typically be estimated from observed data because researchers do not have access to the underlying…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-06 Aryaman Arora , Clara Meister , Ryan Cotterell

Consider two populations characterized by independent random variables $X_1$ and $X_2$ such that $X_i, i=1,2,$ follows a gamma distribution with an unknown scale parameter $\theta_i>0$, and known shape parameter $\alpha >0$ (the same shape…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2022-09-22 Masihuddin , Neeraj Misra

The manifold hypothesis suggests that high-dimensional data often lie on or near a low-dimensional manifold. Estimating the dimension of this manifold is essential for leveraging its structure, yet existing work on dimension estimation is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Zelong Bi , Pierre Lafaye de Micheaux

We consider estimating the Shannon entropy of a discrete distribution $P$ from $n$ i.i.d. samples. Recently, Jiao, Venkat, Han, and Weissman, and Wu and Yang constructed approximation theoretic estimators that achieve the minimax $L_2$…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2019-01-03 Yanjun Han , Jiantao Jiao , Tsachy Weissman

Shannon entropy for discrete distributions is a fundamental and widely used concept, but its continuous analogue, known as differential entropy, lacks essential properties such as positivity and compatibility with the discrete case. In this…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-08-07 Yuliya Mishura , Kostiantyn Ralchenko
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