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Machine learning (ML) models have been widely applied to various applications, including image classification, text generation, audio recognition, and graph data analysis. However, recent studies have shown that ML models are vulnerable to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-04 Hongsheng Hu , Zoran Salcic , Lichao Sun , Gillian Dobbie , Philip S. Yu , Xuyun Zhang

We proposed an end-to-end system design towards utilizing Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) to improve the factual accuracy of Large Language Models (LLMs) for domain-specific and time-sensitive queries related to private…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-18 Jiarui Li , Ye Yuan , Zehua Zhang

Membership Inference Attack (MIA) aims to determine whether a specific data sample was included in the training dataset of a target model. Traditional MIA approaches rely on shadow models to mimic target model behavior, but their…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Li Cuihong , Huang Xiaowen , Yin Chuanhuan , Sang Jitao

The indexing-retrieval-generation paradigm of retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) has been highly successful in solving knowledge-intensive tasks by integrating external knowledge into large language models (LLMs). However, the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Xun Liang , Simin Niu , Zhiyu Li , Sensen Zhang , Hanyu Wang , Feiyu Xiong , Jason Zhaoxin Fan , Bo Tang , Shichao Song , Mengwei Wang , Jiawei Yang

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) utilizes retrieved texts to enhance large language models (LLMs). Studies show that while RAG provides valuable external information (benefit), it may also mislead LLMs (detriment) with noisy or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Shicheng Xu , Liang Pang , Huawei Shen , Xueqi Cheng

Auditing the privacy leakage of synthetic data is an important but unresolved problem. Existing privacy auditing frameworks for synthetic data rely on heuristics and unrealistic assumptions about model access, offering limited ability to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Joshua Ward , Chi-Hua Wang , Guang Cheng

Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) have rapidly gained prominence for their strong performance in solving complex tasks. Many modern black-box LRMs expose the intermediate reasoning traces through APIs to improve transparency (e.g., Gemini-2.5…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Ruihan Hu , Yu-Ming Shang , Wei Luo , Ye Tao , Xi Zhang

The Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) system based on Large language model (LLM) has made significant progress. It can effectively reduce factuality hallucinations, but faithfulness hallucinations still exist. Previous methods for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Jianpeng Hu , Yanzeng Li , Jialun Zhong , Wenfa Qi , Lei Zou

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) significantly enhances Large Language Models (LLMs) by providing access to external knowledge. However, current research primarily focuses on retrieval quality, often overlooking the critical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Zhengyi Zhao , Shubo Zhang , Zezhong Wang , Yuxi Zhang , Huimin Wang , Yutian Zhao , Yefeng Zheng , Binyang Li , Kam-Fai Wong , Xian Wu

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) enables large language models to use external knowledge, but outsourcing the RAG service raises privacy concerns for both data owners and users. Privacy-preserving RAG systems address these concerns by…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Yulong Ming , Mingyue Wang , Jijia Yang , Jie Xu , Zihan Wu , Cong Wang , Xiaohua Jia

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) enhances Large Language Models (LLMs) by mitigating hallucinations and outdated information issues, yet simultaneously facilitates unauthorized data appropriation at scale. This paper addresses this…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Peiyang Liu , Ziqiang Cui , Di Liang , Wei Ye

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) systems can effectively mitigate the hallucination problem of large language models (LLMs),but they also possess inherent vulnerabilities. Identifying these weaknesses before the large-scale real-world…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Hongru Song , Yu-an Liu , Ruqing Zhang , Jiafeng Guo , Yixing Fan

The rapid development of large language models has led to the widespread adoption of Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG), which integrates external knowledge to alleviate knowledge bottlenecks and mitigate hallucinations. However, the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Ruotong Pan , Boxi Cao , Hongyu Lin , Xianpei Han , Jia Zheng , Sirui Wang , Xunliang Cai , Le Sun

While the flexible capabilities of large language models (LLMs) allow them to answer a range of queries based on existing learned knowledge, information retrieval to augment generation is an important tool to allow LLMs to answer questions…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-11-23 Guy Zyskind , Tobin South , Alex Pentland

Membership Inference Attacks (MIA) aim to infer whether a target data record has been utilized for model training or not. Existing MIAs designed for large language models (LLMs) can be bifurcated into two types: reference-free and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-27 Wenjie Fu , Huandong Wang , Chen Gao , Guanghua Liu , Yong Li , Tao Jiang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable capabilities across diverse tasks, yet they face inherent limitations such as constrained parametric knowledge and high retraining costs. Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) augments the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Leqian Li , Dianxi Shi , Jialu Zhou , Xinyu Wei , Mingyue Yang , Songchang Jin , Shaowu Yang

The rise of generative AI, has driven significant advancements in high-risk sectors like healthcare and finance. The Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) architecture, combining language models (LLMs) with search engines, is particularly…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Grégoire Martinon , Alexandra Lorenzo de Brionne , Jérôme Bohard , Antoine Lojou , Damien Hervault , Nicolas J-B. Brunel

As large language models (LLMs) become increasingly adopted on edge devices, Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) is gaining prominence as a solution to address factual deficiencies and hallucinations by integrating external knowledge.…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-05-02 Chenhao Xu , Longxiang Gao , Yuan Miao , Xi Zheng

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) represents a major advancement in natural language processing (NLP), combining large language models (LLMs) with information retrieval systems to enhance factual grounding, accuracy, and contextual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-28 Agada Joseph Oche , Ademola Glory Folashade , Tirthankar Ghosal , Arpan Biswas

Large Language Models (LLMs) are prone to memorizing training data, which poses serious privacy risks. Two of the most prominent concerns are training data extraction and Membership Inference Attacks (MIAs). Prior research has shown that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Ali Al Sahili , Ali Chehab , Razane Tajeddine