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The classic teacher-student model in machine learning posits that a strong teacher supervises a weak student to improve the student's capabilities. We instead consider the inverted situation, where a weak teacher supervises a strong student…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-03 David X. Wu , Anant Sahai

Large language models (LLMs) are vulnerable to jailbreak attacks - resulting in harmful, unethical, or biased text generations. However, existing jailbreaking methods are computationally costly. In this paper, we propose the weak-to-strong…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Xuandong Zhao , Xianjun Yang , Tianyu Pang , Chao Du , Lei Li , Yu-Xiang Wang , William Yang Wang

As instruction-tuned large language models (LLMs) evolve, aligning pretrained foundation models presents increasing challenges. Existing alignment strategies, which typically leverage diverse and high-quality data sources, often overlook…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Yikun Wang , Rui Zheng , Liang Ding , Qi Zhang , Dahua Lin , Dacheng Tao

Large language models (LLMs) have shown tremendous success in following user instructions and generating helpful responses. Nevertheless, their robustness is still far from optimal, as they may generate significantly inconsistent responses…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-25 Yukun Zhao , Lingyong Yan , Weiwei Sun , Guoliang Xing , Shuaiqiang Wang , Chong Meng , Zhicong Cheng , Zhaochun Ren , Dawei Yin

Weakly supervised data are widespread and have attracted much attention. However, since label quality is often difficult to guarantee, sometimes the use of weakly supervised data will lead to unsatisfactory performance, i.e., performance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-04-23 Lan-Zhe Guo , Yu-Feng Li , Ming Li , Jin-Feng Yi , Bo-Wen Zhou , Zhi-Hua Zhou

Safety alignment for large language models (LLMs) aims to reduce harmful or unsafe behavior while preserving general utility. However, recent findings reveal that alignment effects can be fragile: lightweight post-alignment manipulations,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Zhihao Liu , Yifan Wu , Jian Lou , Di Wang , Yuxi Zhou , Yuke Hu

New Large Language Models (LLMs) become available every few weeks, and modern application developers confronted with the unenviable task of having to decide if they should switch to a new model. While human evaluation remains the gold…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-25 Suryaansh Jain , Umair Z. Ahmed , Shubham Sahai , Ben Leong

Neural network approaches have recently shown to be effective in several information retrieval (IR) tasks. However, neural approaches often require large volumes of training data to perform effectively, which is not always available. To…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2018-06-14 Hamed Zamani , W. Bruce Croft

Ensuring the reliability and verifiability of large language model (LLM)-enabled systems remains a significant challenge in software engineering. We propose a probabilistic framework for systematically analyzing and improving these systems…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Juan Manuel Baldonado , Flavia Bonomo-Braberman , Víctor Adrián Braberman

Large language models (LLMs) remain unreliable for global enterprise applications due to substantial performance gaps between high-resource and mid/low-resource languages, driven by English-centric pretraining and internal reasoning biases.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Amit Agarwal , Hansa Meghwani , Hitesh Laxmichand Patel , Tao Sheng , Sujith Ravi , Dan Roth

Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate impressive capabilities, yet their outputs often suffer from misalignment with human preferences due to the inadequacy of weak supervision and a lack of fine-grained control. Training-time alignment…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Zhenyu Ding , Yuhao Wang , Tengyue Xiao , Haoying Wang , Caigui Jiang , Ning Ding

Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in processing both visual and textual information. However, the critical challenge of alignment between visual and textual representations is not fully…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Dong Shu , Haiyan Zhao , Jingyu Hu , Weiru Liu , Ali Payani , Lu Cheng , Mengnan Du

How can we train models to perform well on hard test data when hard training data is by definition difficult to label correctly? This question has been termed the scalable oversight problem and has drawn increasing attention as language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Peter Hase , Mohit Bansal , Peter Clark , Sarah Wiegreffe

A critical bottleneck in supervised machine learning is the need for large amounts of labeled data which is expensive and time consuming to obtain. However, it has been shown that a small amount of labeled data, while insufficient to…

Weak supervision (WS) is an alternative to the traditional supervised learning to address the need for ground truth. Data programming is a practical WS approach that allows programmatic labeling data samples using labeling functions (LFs)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-14 Gürkan Solmaz , Flavio Cirillo , Fabio Maresca , Anagha Gode Anil Kumar

The performance of deep learning-based natural language processing systems is based on large amounts of labeled training data which, in the clinical domain, are not easily available or affordable. Weak supervision and in-context learning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-02 Enshuo Hsu , Kirk Roberts

Alignment is the most critical step in building large language models (LLMs) that meet human needs. With the rapid development of LLMs gradually surpassing human capabilities, traditional alignment methods based on human-annotation are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Boxi Cao , Keming Lu , Xinyu Lu , Jiawei Chen , Mengjie Ren , Hao Xiang , Peilin Liu , Yaojie Lu , Ben He , Xianpei Han , Le Sun , Hongyu Lin , Bowen Yu

Aligning Large Language Models (LLMs) is crucial for enhancing their safety and utility. However, existing methods, primarily based on preference datasets, face challenges such as noisy labels, high annotation costs, and privacy concerns.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Hao Sun , Mihaela van der Schaar

As future superhuman models become increasingly complex, accurately supervising their behavior may exceed human capabilities. Recent works have demonstrated that in such scenarios, weak models can effectively supervise strong models, a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Myeongho Jeon , Jan Sobotka , Suhwan Choi , Maria Brbić

Large Language Models (LLMs) trained on extensive textual corpora have emerged as leading solutions for a broad array of Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. Despite their notable performance, these models are prone to certain…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-25 Yufei Wang , Wanjun Zhong , Liangyou Li , Fei Mi , Xingshan Zeng , Wenyong Huang , Lifeng Shang , Xin Jiang , Qun Liu