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The Model-Constructing Satisfiability Calculus (MCSAT) framework has been applied to SMT problems over various arithmetic theories. NLSAT, an implementation using cylindrical algebraic decomposition (CAD) for explanation, is especially…

Symbolic Computation · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Zhonghan Wang

In this paper, we propose a hybrid framework for Satisfiability Modulo the Theory of Nonlinear Real Arithmetic (SMT-NRA for short). First, we introduce a two-dimensional cell-jump move, called \emph{$2d$-cell-jump}, generalizing the key…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-14 Tianyi Ding , Haokun Li , Xinpeng Ni , Bican Xia , Tianqi Zhao

Satisfiability Modulo the Theory of Nonlinear Real Arithmetic, SMT(NRA) for short, concerns the satisfiability of polynomial formulas, which are quantifier-free Boolean combinations of polynomial equations and inequalities with integer…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-03-22 Haokun Li , Bican Xia , Tianqi Zhao

The Model Constructing Satisfiability (MCSat) approach to the SMT problem extends the ideas of CDCL from the SAT level to the theory level. Like SAT, its search is driven by incrementally constructing a model by assigning concrete values to…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Enrico Lipparini , Thomas Hader , Ahmed Irfan , Stéphane Graham-Lengrand

Local search has recently been applied to SMT problems over various arithmetic theories. Among these, nonlinear real arithmetic poses special challenges due to its uncountable solution space and potential need to solve higher-degree…

Symbolic Computation · Computer Science 2023-11-27 Zhonghan Wang , Bohua Zhan , Bohan Li , Shaowei Cai

Methods for analyzing representations in neural systems have become a popular tool in both neuroscience and mechanistic interpretability. Having measures to compare how similar activations of neurons are across conditions, architectures,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Quentin Guilhot , Michał Wójcik , Jascha Achterberg , Rui Ponte Costa

To check the satisfiability of (non-linear) real arithmetic formulas, modern satisfiability modulo theories (SMT) solving algorithms like NLSAT depend heavily on single cell construction, the task of generalizing a sample point to a…

Symbolic Computation · Computer Science 2025-12-17 Valentin Promies , Jasper Nalbach , Erika Ábrahám , Paul Wagner

In the contexts of automated reasoning (AR) and formal verification (FV), important decision problems are effectively encoded into Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT). In the last decade efficient SMT solvers have been developed for…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2014-10-23 Roberto Sebastiani , Silvia Tomasi

Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) have emerged as an effective approach to tackling real-world problems. However, like human-written software, DNNs can have bugs and can be attacked. To address this, research has explored a wide-range of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-23 Hai Duong , ThanhVu Nguyen , Matthew Dwyer

This work presents two new algorithms for performing constraint satisfaction. The first algorithm presented, DMaxWalkSat, is a constraint solver specialized for solving dynamic, weighted constraint satisfaction problems. The second…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2015-07-23 Gregory Hasseler

Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT) has significant application in various domains. In this paper, we focus on quantifier-free Satisfiablity Modulo Real Arithmetic, referred to as SMT(RA), including both linear and non-linear real…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-08-03 Bohan Li , Shaowei Cai

Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT) solvers check the satisfiability of quantifier-free first-order logic formulas. We consider the theory of non-linear real arithmetic where the formulae are logical combinations of polynomial constraints.…

Symbolic Computation · Computer Science 2024-01-31 Jasper Nalbach , Erika Ábrahám , Philippe Specht , Christopher W. Brown , James H. Davenport , Matthew England

Quantifier-free nonlinear arithmetic (QF_NRA) appears in many applications of satisfiability modulo theories solving (SMT). Accordingly, efficient reasoning for corresponding constraints in SMT theory solvers is highly relevant. We propose…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2018-04-30 Pascal Fontaine , Mizuhito Ogawa , Thomas Sturm , Xuan Tung Vu

We present a new algorithm for determining the satisfiability of conjunctions of non-linear polynomial constraints over the reals, which can be used as a theory solver for satisfiability modulo theory (SMT) solving for non-linear real…

Symbolic Computation · Computer Science 2021-06-17 Erika Ábrahám , James H. Davenport , Matthew England , Gereon Kremer

Boolean satisfiability (SAT) is a fundamental NP-complete problem with many applications, including automated planning and scheduling. To solve large instances, SAT solvers have to rely on heuristics, e.g., choosing a branching variable in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-07-19 Mikhail Shirokikh , Ilya Shenbin , Anton Alekseev , Sergey Nikolenko

We propose Differentiable Satisfiability and Differentiable Answer Set Programming (Differentiable SAT/ASP) for multi-model optimization. Models (answer sets or satisfying truth assignments) are sampled using a novel SAT/ASP solving…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-01-01 Matthias Nickles

PDDL+ planning has its semantics rooted in hybrid automata (HA) and recent work has shown that it can be modeled as a network of HAs. Addressing the complexity of nonlinear PDDL+ planning as HAs requires both space and time efficient…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-09-14 Daniel Bryce , Sergiy Bogomolov , Alexander Heinz , Christian Schilling

Boolean Satisfiability (SAT) and Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT) are widely used in automated verification, but there is a lack of interactive tools designed for educational purposes in this field. To address this gap, we present…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-08-16 Yiqi Zhao , Ziyan An , Meiyi Ma , Taylor Johnson

We introduce a new algorithm for checking satisfiability based on a calculus of Dependency sequents (D-sequents). Given a CNF formula F(X), a D-sequent is a record stating that under a partial assignment a set of variables of X is redundant…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2012-07-23 Eugene Goldberg , Panagiotis Manolios

Multimodal Large Models (MLLMs) have achieved remarkable progress in vision-language understanding and generation tasks. However, existing MLLMs typically rely on static modality fusion strategies, which treat all modalities equally…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Hiroshi Tanaka , Anika Rao , Hana Satou , Michael Johnson , Sofia García
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