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Supervised and preference-based fine-tuning techniques have become popular for aligning large language models (LLMs) with user intent and correctness criteria. However, real-world training data often exhibits spurious correlations --…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-12 Julia Shuieh , Prasann Singhal , Apaar Shanker , John Heyer , George Pu , Samuel Denton

Training Large Language Models (LLMs) to follow user instructions has been shown to supply the LLM with ample capacity to converse fluently while being aligned with humans. Yet, it is not completely clear how an LLM can lead a plan-grounded…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-05 Diogo Glória-Silva , Rafael Ferreira , Diogo Tavares , David Semedo , João Magalhães

The alignment of large language models is usually done by model providers to add or control behaviors that are common or universally understood across use cases and contexts. In contrast, in this article, we present an approach and…

Large language models are first pre-trained on trillions of tokens and then instruction-tuned or aligned to specific preferences. While pre-training remains out of reach for most researchers due to the compute required, fine-tuning has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Megh Thakkar , Quentin Fournier , Matthew D Riemer , Pin-Yu Chen , Amal Zouaq , Payel Das , Sarath Chandar

Fine-tuning is the primary mechanism for adapting foundation models to downstream tasks; however, standard approaches largely optimize task objectives in isolation and do not account for secondary yet critical alignment objectives (e.g.,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Gaurav Bhatt , Aditya Chinchure , Jiawei Zhou , Leonid Sigal

The integration of large language models (LLMs) with vision-language (VL) tasks has been a transformative development in the realm of artificial intelligence, highlighting the potential of LLMs as a versatile general-purpose chatbot.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-26 Vedanshu , MM Tripathi , Bhavnesh Jaint

Post-training alignment optimizes language models to match human preference signals, but this objective is not equivalent to modeling observed human behavior. We compare 120 base-aligned model pairs on more than 10,000 real human decisions…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Eilam Shapira , Moshe Tennenholtz , Roi Reichart

Safety alignment is critical in pre-training large language models (LLMs) to generate responses aligned with human values and refuse harmful queries. Unlike LLM, the current safety alignment of VLMs is often achieved with post-hoc safety…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Fenghua Weng , Jian Lou , Jun Feng , Minlie Huang , Wenjie Wang

The staggering feats of AI systems have brought to attention the topic of AI Alignment: aligning a "superintelligent" AI agent's actions with humanity's interests. Many existing frameworks/algorithms in alignment study the problem on a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Hong Jun Jeon , Benjamin Van Roy

Neural metrics for machine translation (MT) evaluation have become increasingly prominent due to their superior correlation with human judgments compared to traditional lexical metrics. Researchers have therefore utilized neural metrics…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Hippolyte Gisserot-Boukhlef , Ricardo Rei , Emmanuel Malherbe , Céline Hudelot , Pierre Colombo , Nuno M. Guerreiro

Instructors are increasingly experimenting with AI chatbots for classroom support. To investigate how instructors adapt chatbots to their own contexts, we first analyzed existing resources that provide prompts for educational purposes. We…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Irene Hou , Zeyu Xiong , Philip J. Guo , April Yi Wang

At the forefront of state-of-the-art human alignment methods are preference optimization methods (*PO). Prior research has often concentrated on identifying the best-performing method, typically involving a grid search over hyperparameters,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-30 Kian Ahrabian , Xihui Lin , Barun Patra , Vishrav Chaudhary , Alon Benhaim , Jay Pujara , Xia Song

Our goal is to enable large language models (LLMs) to balance multiple human preference dimensions; such as helpfulness, safety, and verbosity, through principled and controllable alignment. Existing preference optimization methods,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Mete Erdogan

Wake word detection exists in most intelligent homes and portable devices. It offers these devices the ability to "wake up" when summoned at a low cost of power and computing. This paper focuses on understanding alignment's role in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-08 Vinicius Ribeiro , Yiteng Huang , Yuan Shangguan , Zhaojun Yang , Li Wan , Ming Sun

The problem of achieving common understanding between agents that use different vocabularies has been mainly addressed by designing techniques that explicitly negotiate mappings between their vocabularies, requiring agents to share a…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2017-03-08 Paula Chocron , Marco Schorlemmer

The alignment problem in Large Language Models (LLMs) involves adapting them to the broad spectrum of human values. This requirement challenges existing alignment methods due to diversity of preferences and regulatory standards. This paper…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-28 Xinyu Lu , Bowen Yu , Yaojie Lu , Hongyu Lin , Haiyang Yu , Le Sun , Xianpei Han , Yongbin Li

Despite the fact that offline methods for Large Language Models (LLMs) alignment do not require a direct reward model, they remain susceptible to overoptimization. This issue arises when the trained model deviates excessively from the…

Chatbots are intelligent conversational computer systems designed to mimic human conversation to enable automated online guidance and support. The increased benefits of chatbots led to their wide adoption by many industries in order to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-19 Guendalina Caldarini , Sardar Jaf , Kenneth McGarry

Cross-lingual or cross-domain correspondences play key roles in tasks ranging from machine translation to transfer learning. Recently, purely unsupervised methods operating on monolingual embeddings have become effective alignment tools.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-09-05 David Alvarez-Melis , Tommi S. Jaakkola

In the context of Visual Question Answering (VQA) and Agentic AI, calibration refers to how closely an AI system's confidence in its answers reflects their actual correctness. This aspect becomes especially important when such systems…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Ayush Pandey , Jai Bardhan , Ishita Jain , Ramya S Hebbalaguppe , Rohan Raju Dhanakshirur , Lovekesh Vig