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Fault-tolerant quantum computation relies on the assumption of time-invariant, sufficiently low physical error rates. However, current superconducting quantum computers suffer from frequent disruptive noise events, including cosmic ray…

Quantum error correction (QEC) is essential for realizing scalable quantum computation. However, when evaluating its benefits, most analyses assume idealized components, overlooking the imperfections inherent in realistic fault-tolerant…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-26 Lorenzo Valentini , Diego Forlivesi , Marco Chiani

Quantum computers have advanced rapidly in qubit count and gate fidelity. However, large-scale fault-tolerant quantum computing still relies on quantum error correction code (QECC) to suppress noise. Manually or experimentally verifying the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-20 Kean Chen , Yuhao Liu , Wang Fang , Jennifer Paykin , Xin-Chuan Wu , Albert Schmitz , Steve Zdancewic , Gushu Li

In many physical systems it is expected that environmental decoherence will exhibit an asymmetry between dephasing and relaxation that may result in qubits experiencing discrete phase errors more frequently than discrete bit errors. In the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 A. M. Stephens , Z. W. E. Evans , S. J. Devitt , L. C. L. Hollenberg

Surface codes can protect quantum information stored in qubits from local errors as long as the per-operation error rate is below a certain threshold. Here we propose holonomic surface codes by harnessing the quantum holonomy of the system.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-03-07 Jiang Zhang , Simon J. Devitt , J. Q. You , Franco Nori

Medium-scale quantum devices that integrate about hundreds of physical qubits are likely to be developed in the near future. However, such devices will lack the resources for realizing quantum fault tolerance. Therefore, the main challenge…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-12-24 Chao Song , Jing Cui , H. Wang , J. Hao , H. Feng , Ying Li

A promising approach to overcome decoherence in quantum computing schemes is to perform active quantum error correction using topology. Topological subsystem codes incorporate both the benefits of topological and subsystem codes, allowing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-05-15 Ruben S. Andrist , H. Bombin , Helmut G. Katzgraber , M. A. Martin-Delgado

A remarkable characteristic of quantum computing is the potential for reliable computation despite faulty qubits. This can be achieved through quantum error correction, which is typically implemented by repeatedly applying static syndrome…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-23 Alec Eickbusch , Matt McEwen , Volodymyr Sivak , Alexandre Bourassa , Juan Atalaya , Jahan Claes , Dvir Kafri , Craig Gidney , Christopher W. Warren , Jonathan Gross , Alex Opremcak , Nicholas Zobrist , Kevin C. Miao , Gabrielle Roberts , Kevin J. Satzinger , Andreas Bengtsson , Matthew Neeley , William P. Livingston , Alex Greene , Rajeev Acharya , Laleh Aghababaie Beni , Georg Aigeldinger , Ross Alcaraz , Trond I. Andersen , Markus Ansmann , Frank Arute , Kunal Arya , Abraham Asfaw , Ryan Babbush , Brian Ballard , Joseph C. Bardin , Alexander Bilmes , Jenna Bovaird , Dylan Bowers , Leon Brill , Michael Broughton , David A. Browne , Brett Buchea , Bob B. Buckley , Tim Burger , Brian Burkett , Nicholas Bushnell , Anthony Cabrera , Juan Campero , Hung-Shen Chang , Ben Chiaro , Liang-Ying Chih , Agnetta Y. Cleland , Josh Cogan , Roberto Collins , Paul Conner , William Courtney , Alexander L. Crook , Ben Curtin , Sayan Das , Alexander Del Toro Barba , Sean Demura , Laura De Lorenzo , Agustin Di Paolo , Paul Donohoe , Ilya K. Drozdov , Andrew Dunsworth , Aviv Moshe Elbag , Mahmoud Elzouka , Catherine Erickson , Vinicius S. Ferreira , Leslie Flores Burgos , Ebrahim Forati , Austin G. Fowler , Brooks Foxen , Suhas Ganjam , Gonzalo Garcia , Robert Gasca , Élie Genois , William Giang , Dar Gilboa , Raja Gosula , Alejandro Grajales Dau , Dietrich Graumann , Tan Ha , Steve Habegger , Michael C. Hamilton , Monica Hansen , Matthew P. Harrigan , Sean D. Harrington , Stephen Heslin , Paula Heu , Oscar Higgott , Reno Hiltermann , Jeremy Hilton , Hsin-Yuan Huang , Ashley Huff , William J. Huggins , Evan Jeffrey , Zhang Jiang , Xiaoxuan Jin , Cody Jones , Chaitali Joshi , Pavol Juhas , Andreas Kabel , Hui Kang , Amir H. Karamlou , Kostyantyn Kechedzhi , Trupti Khaire , Tanuj Khattar , Mostafa Khezri , Seon Kim , Bryce Kobrin , Alexander N. Korotkov , Fedor Kostritsa , John Mark Kreikebaum , Vladislav D. Kurilovich , David Landhuis , Tiano Lange-Dei , Brandon W. Langley , Kim-Ming Lau , Justin Ledford , Kenny Lee , Brian J. Lester , Loïck Le Guevel , Wing Yan Li , Alexander T. Lill , Aditya Locharla , Erik Lucero , Daniel Lundahl , Aaron Lunt , Sid Madhuk , Ashley Maloney , Salvatore Mandrà , Leigh S. Martin , Orion Martin , Cameron Maxfield , Jarrod R. McClean , Seneca Meeks , Anthony Megrant , Reza Molavi , Sebastian Molina , Shirin Montazeri , Ramis Movassagh , Michael Newman , Anthony Nguyen , Murray Nguyen , Chia-Hung Ni , Logan Oas , Raymond Orosco , Kristoffer Ottosson , Alex Pizzuto , Rebecca Potter , Orion Pritchard , Chris Quintana , Ganesh Ramachandran , Matthew J. Reagor , David M. Rhodes , Eliott Rosenberg , Elizabeth Rossi , Kannan Sankaragomathi , Henry F. Schurkus , Michael J. Shearn , Aaron Shorter , Noah Shutty , Vladimir Shvarts , Spencer Small , W. Clarke Smith , Sofia Springer , George Sterling , Jordan Suchard , Aaron Szasz , Alex Sztein , Douglas Thor , Eifu Tomita , Alfredo Torres , M. Mert Torunbalci , Abeer Vaishnav , Justin Vargas , Sergey Vdovichev , Guifre Vidal , Catherine Vollgraff Heidweiller , Steven Waltman , Jonathan Waltz , Shannon X. Wang , Brayden Ware , Travis Weidel , Theodore White , Kristi Wong , Bryan W. K. Woo , Maddy Woodson , Cheng Xing , Z. Jamie Yao , Ping Yeh , Bicheng Ying , Juhwan Yoo , Noureldin Yosri , Grayson Young , Adam Zalcman , Yaxing Zhang , Ningfeng Zhu , Sergio Boixo , Julian Kelly , Vadim Smelyanskiy , Hartmut Neven , Dave Bacon , Zijun Chen , Paul V. Klimov , Pedram Roushan , Charles Neill , Yu Chen , Alexis Morvan

A central challenge for the scaling of quantum computing systems is the need to control all qubits in the system without a large overhead. A solution for this problem in classical computing comes in the form of so called crossbar…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-03-28 Jonas Helsen , Mark Steudtner , Menno Veldhorst , Stephanie Wehner

Current quantum technology is approaching the system sizes and fidelities required for quantum error correction. It is therefore important to determine exactly what is needed for proof-of-principle experiments, which will be the first major…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-10-04 James R. Wootton , Andreas Peter , Janos R. Winkler , Daniel Loss

Quantum error correction promises a viable path to fault-tolerant computations, enabling exponential error suppression when the device's error rates remain below the protocol's threshold. This threshold, however, strongly depends on the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-11 Maurice D. Hanisch , Bence Hetényi , James R. Wootton

For quantum computers to successfully solve real-world problems, it is necessary to tackle the challenge of noise: the errors which occur in elementary physical components due to unwanted or imperfect interactions. The theory of quantum…

The surface code, one of the leading candidates for quantum error correction, is known to protect encoded quantum information against stochastic, i.e., incoherent errors. The protection against coherent errors, such as from unwanted gate…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-28 Jan Behrends , Benjamin Béri

One of the largest obstacles to building a quantum computer is gate error, where the physical evolution of the state of a qubit or group of qubits during a gate operation does not match the intended unitary transformation. Gate error stems…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-02-07 Eliot Kapit

Fault-tolerant quantum computers rely on Quantum Error-Correcting Codes (QECCs) to protect information from noise. However, no single error-correcting code supports a fully transversal and therefore fault-tolerant implementation of all…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-05 Erik Weilandt , Tom Peham , Robert Wille

Fault tolerant quantum computing methods which work with efficient quantum error correcting codes are discussed. Several new techniques are introduced to restrict accumulation of errors before or during the recovery. Classes of eligible…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-10-31 Andrew M. Steane

A successful quantum error correction protocol would allow quantum computers to run algorithms without suffering from the effects of noise. However, fully fault-tolerant quantum error correction is too resource intensive for existing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-29 Chris N. Self , Marcello Benedetti , David Amaro

Descriptions of quantum algorithms, communication etc. protocols assume the existence of closed quantum system. However, real life quantum systems are open and are highly sensitive to errors. Hence error correction is of utmost importance…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-09-15 Ritajit Majumdar , Saikat Basu , Priyanka Mukhopadhyay , Susmita Sur-Kolay

Recently Shor showed how to perform fault tolerant quantum computation when the error probability is logarithmically small. We improve this bound and describe fault tolerant quantum computation when the error probability is smaller than…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-02-03 Dorit Aharonov , Michael Ben-Or

Quantum computers will require encoding of quantum information to protect them from noise. Fault-tolerant quantum computing architectures illustrate how this might be done but have not yet shown a conclusive practical advantage. Here we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-03-01 Robin Harper , Steven T. Flammia