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While Key-Value (KV) cache succeeds in reducing redundant computations in auto-regressive models, it introduces significant memory overhead, limiting its practical deployment in long-sequence scenarios. Existing KV retrieval methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Wenbo Wu , Qingyi Si , Xiurui Pan , Ye Wang , Jie Zhang

The Key-Value (KV) cache is the primary memory bottleneck in long-context Large Language Models, yet it is typically treated as an opaque numerical tensor. In this work, we propose \textbf{STA-Attention}, a framework that utilizes Top-K…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-12 Qingsen Ma , Dianyun Wang , Jiaming Lyu , Yaoye Wang , Lechen Ning , Sujie Zhu , Zhenbo Xu , Liuyu Xiang , Huining Li , Huijia Wu , Zhaofeng He

Although many updatable learned indexes have been proposed in recent years, whether they can outperform traditional approaches on disk remains unknown. In this study, we revisit and implement four state-of-the-art updatable learned indexes…

Databases · Computer Science 2023-05-03 Hai Lan , Zhifeng Bao , J. Shane Culpepper , Renata Borovica-Gajic

Indexes facilitate efficient querying when the selection predicate is on an indexed key. As a result, when loading data, if we anticipate future selective (point or range) queries, we typically maintain an index that is gradually populated…

Databases · Computer Science 2022-02-10 Aneesh Raman , Subhadeep Sarkar , Matthaios Olma , Manos Athanassoulis

LSM-tree has been widely used in cloud computing systems by Google, Facebook, and Amazon, to achieve high performance for write-intensive workloads. However, in LSM-tree, random key-value queries can experience long latency and low…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2016-06-08 Lei Guo , Dejun Teng , Rubao Lee , Feng Chen , Siyuan Ma , Xiaodong Zhang

With the prevalence of online platforms, today, data is being generated and accessed by users at a very high rate. Besides, applications such as stock trading or high frequency trading require guaranteed low delays for performing an…

Databases · Computer Science 2020-03-03 Sepanta Zeighami , Raymond Chi-Wing Wong

Cross-layer key-value (KV) compression has been found to be effective in efficient inference of large language models (LLMs). Although they reduce the memory consumption of the KV cache, such methods usually introduce non-negligible…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-16 You Wu , Ziheng Chen , Yizhen Zhang , Haoyi Wu , Chengting Yu , Yuchi Xu , Wenbo Su , Bo Zheng , Kewei Tu

Recently the generative Large Language Model (LLM) has achieved remarkable success in numerous applications. Notably its inference generates output tokens one-by-one, leading to many redundant computations. The widely-used KV-Cache…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Weizhuo Li , Zhigang Wang , Yu Gu , Ge Yu

Efficient indexing is fundamental for multi-dimensional data management and analytics. An emerging tendency is to directly learn the storage layout of multi-dimensional data by simple machine learning models, yielding the concept of Learned…

Databases · Computer Science 2024-05-10 Qiyu Liu , Maocheng Li , Yuxiang Zeng , Yanyan Shen , Lei Chen

Despite the remarkable progress of Large Language Models (LLMs), the escalating memory footprint of the Key-Value (KV) cache remains a critical bottleneck for efficient inference. While dimensionality reduction offers a promising…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Liming Lu , Kaixi Qiu , Jiayu Zhou , Jushi Kai , Haoyan Zhang , Huanyu Wang , Jingwen Leng , Ziwei He , Zhouhan Lin

Large language models (LLMs) utilize key-value (KV) cache to store historical information during sequence processing. The size of KV cache grows linearly as the length of the sequence extends, which seriously affects memory usage and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Yijun Liu , Yixuan Wang , Yuzhuang Xu , Shiyu Ji , Yang Xu , Qingfu Zhu , Wanxiang Che

The linear growth of Key-Value (KV) cache remains a bottleneck for multi-turn LLM deployment. Existing KV cache compression methods often fail to account for the structural properties of multi-turn dialogues, relying on heuristic eviction…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Hong Chen , Xiang Liu , Bo Wang , Yuxuan Fan , Yuanlin Chu , Zongluo Li , Xiaowen Chu , Xuming Hu

Knowledge distillation (KD) transfers knowledge from large teacher models to compact student models, enabling efficient deployment on resource constrained devices. While diverse KD methods, including response based, feature based, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Yinxi Tian , Changwu Huang , Ke Tang , Xin Yao

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) are integral to tasks such as image captioning and visual question answering, but their high computational cost, driven by large memory footprints and processing time, limits their scalability and real-time…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Yutong Wang , Haiyu Wang , Sai Qian Zhang

Learned sparse representations form an effective and interpretable class of embeddings for text retrieval. While exact top-k retrieval over such embeddings faces efficiency challenges, a recent algorithm called Seismic has enabled…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Sebastian Bruch , Franco Maria Nardini , Cosimo Rulli , Rossano Venturini

Efficient inference with Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly relies on Key-Value (KV) caches to store previously computed key and value vectors at each layer. These caches are essential to minimize redundant computation during…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Oteo Mamo , Olga Kogiou , Hyunjin Yi , Weikuan Yu

The increasing input sequence length in Large Language Models (LLMs) puts significant pressure on key-value (KV) cache storage, making efficient inference challenging. Explicitly distinguishing attention behavior into our self-defined…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-25 Mengjie Li , William J. Song

Disaggregated LLM serving improves resource efficiency by separating the compute-intensive prefill phase from the latency-critical decode phase. However, this architecture introduces a fundamental bottleneck: key/value (KV) tensors…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Dongha Yoon , Younghoon Min , Hoshik Kim , Sam H. Noh , Jongryool Kim

Feedforward models for novel view synthesis (NVS) have recently advanced by transformer-based methods like LVSM, using attention among all input and target views. In this work, we argue that its full self-attention design is suboptimal,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Xiaosong Jia , Yihang Sun , Junqi You , Songbur Wong , Zichen Zou , Junchi Yan , Zuxuan Wu , Yu-Gang Jiang

The escalating context length in Large Language Models (LLMs) creates a severe performance bottleneck around the Key-Value (KV) cache, whose memory-bound nature leads to significant GPU under-utilization. This paper introduces Mixture of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Myunghyun Rhee , Sookyung Choi , Euiseok Kim , Joonseop Sim , Youngpyo Joo , Hoshik Kim
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