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Large Language Models (LLMs) memorize, and thus, among huge amounts of uncontrolled data, may memorize Personally Identifiable Information (PII), which should not be stored and, consequently, not leaked. In this paper, we introduce Private…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-22 Elena Sofia Ruzzetti , Giancarlo A. Xompero , Davide Venditti , Fabio Massimo Zanzotto

With the rise of large language models (LLMs), increasing research has recognized their risk of leaking personally identifiable information (PII) under malicious attacks. Although efforts have been made to protect PII in LLMs, existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Martin Kuo , Jingyang Zhang , Jianyi Zhang , Minxue Tang , Louis DiValentin , Aolin Ding , Jingwei Sun , William Chen , Amin Hass , Tianlong Chen , Yiran Chen , Hai Li

The advancement of large language models (LLMs) brings notable improvements across various applications, while simultaneously raising concerns about potential private data exposure. One notable capability of LLMs is their ability to form…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-12 Hanyin Shao , Jie Huang , Shen Zheng , Kevin Chen-Chuan Chang

Language Models (LMs) have been shown to leak information about training data through sentence-level membership inference and reconstruction attacks. Understanding the risk of LMs leaking Personally Identifiable Information (PII) has…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-25 Nils Lukas , Ahmed Salem , Robert Sim , Shruti Tople , Lukas Wutschitz , Santiago Zanella-Béguelin

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated advanced capabilities in both text generation and comprehension, and their application to data archives might facilitate the privatization of sensitive information about the data subjects. In…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Stefano Cirillo , Domenico Desiato , Giuseppe Polese , Monica Maria Lucia Sebillo , Giandomenico Solimando

The rapid advancement and widespread use of large language models (LLMs) have raised significant concerns regarding the potential leakage of personally identifiable information (PII). These models are often trained on vast quantities of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-07-06 Siwon Kim , Sangdoo Yun , Hwaran Lee , Martin Gubri , Sungroh Yoon , Seong Joon Oh

Large Language Models (LLMs) have become integral to numerous domains, significantly advancing applications in data management, mining, and analysis. Their profound capabilities in processing and interpreting complex language data, however,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-09 Qinbin Li , Junyuan Hong , Chulin Xie , Jeffrey Tan , Rachel Xin , Junyi Hou , Xavier Yin , Zhun Wang , Dan Hendrycks , Zhangyang Wang , Bo Li , Bingsheng He , Dawn Song

Large Language Models (LLMs) represent a significant advancement in artificial intelligence, finding applications across various domains. However, their reliance on massive internet-sourced datasets for training brings notable privacy…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Michele Miranda , Elena Sofia Ruzzetti , Andrea Santilli , Fabio Massimo Zanzotto , Sébastien Bratières , Emanuele Rodolà

The interactive nature of Large Language Models (LLMs), which closely track user data and context, has prompted users to share personal and private information in unprecedented ways. Even when users opt out of allowing their data to be used…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-26 GodsGift Uzor , Hasan Al-Qudah , Ynes Ineza , Abdul Serwadda

Fine-tuning Large Language Models (LLMs) on sensitive datasets carries a substantial risk of unintended memorization and leakage of Personally Identifiable Information (PII), which can violate privacy regulations and compromise individual…

Users interacting with large language models (LLMs) under their real identifiers often unknowingly risk disclosing private information. Automatically notifying users whether their queries leak privacy and which phrases leak what private…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Hang Zeng , Xiangyu Liu , Yong Hu , Chaoyue Niu , Fan Wu , Shaojie Tang , Guihai Chen

Large Language Models (LLMs) have a privacy concern because they memorize training data (including personally identifiable information (PII) like emails and phone numbers) and leak it during inference. A company can train an LLM on its…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-07-21 Jaydeep Borkar

Large language models (LLMs) have transformed natural language processing, but their ability to memorize training data poses significant privacy risks. This paper investigates model inversion attacks on the Llama 3.2 model, a multilingual…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Sathesh P. Sivashanmugam

The proliferation of Large Language Models (LLMs) has driven considerable interest in fine-tuning them with domain-specific data to create specialized language models. Nevertheless, such domain-specific fine-tuning data often contains…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Yijia Xiao , Yiqiao Jin , Yushi Bai , Yue Wu , Xianjun Yang , Xiao Luo , Wenchao Yu , Xujiang Zhao , Yanchi Liu , Quanquan Gu , Haifeng Chen , Wei Wang , Wei Cheng

Large language models (LLMs) are complex artificial intelligence systems capable of understanding, generating and translating human language. They learn language patterns by analyzing large amounts of text data, allowing them to perform…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-03-15 Biwei Yan , Kun Li , Minghui Xu , Yueyan Dong , Yue Zhang , Zhaochun Ren , Xiuzhen Cheng

Large language models (LLMs) are primarily accessed via commercial APIs, but this often requires users to expose their data to service providers. In this paper, we explore how users can stay in control of their data by using privacy…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Guillem Ramírez , Alexandra Birch , Ivan Titov

Large scale adoption of large language models has introduced a new era of convenient knowledge transfer for a slew of natural language processing tasks. However, these models also run the risk of undermining user trust by exposing unwanted…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-21 Richard Plant , Valerio Giuffrida , Dimitra Gkatzia

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across diverse natural language processing tasks, but their tendency to memorize training data poses significant privacy risks, particularly during fine-tuning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Badrinath Ramakrishnan , Akshaya Balaji

Language models (LMs) may memorize personally identifiable information (PII) from training data, enabling adversaries to extract it during inference. Existing defense mechanisms such as differential privacy (DP) reduce this leakage, but…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Anthony Hughes , Vasisht Duddu , N. Asokan , Nikolaos Aletras , Ning Ma

While open Large Language Models (LLMs) have made significant progress, they still fall short of matching the performance of their closed, proprietary counterparts, making the latter attractive even for the use on highly private data.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-18 Vincent Hanke , Tom Blanchard , Franziska Boenisch , Iyiola Emmanuel Olatunji , Michael Backes , Adam Dziedzic
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