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It takes several years for the developing brain of a baby to fully master word repetition-the task of hearing a word and repeating it aloud. Repeating a new word, such as from a new language, can be a challenging task also for adults.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Daniel Dager , Robin Sobczyk , Emmanuel Chemla , Yair Lakretz

Memorization in Large Language Models (LLMs) poses privacy and security risks, as models may unintentionally reproduce sensitive or copyrighted data. Existing analyses focus on average-case scenarios, often neglecting the highly skewed…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Hao Li , Di Huang , Ziyu Wang , Amir M. Rahmani

Large language models (LLMs) have recently demonstrated exceptional code generation capabilities. However, there is a growing debate whether LLMs are mostly doing memorization (i.e., replicating or reusing large parts of their training…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Lizhe Zhang , Wentao Chen , Li Zhong , Letian Peng , Zilong Wang , Jingbo Shang

Driven by vast and diverse textual data, large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance across numerous natural language processing (NLP) tasks. Yet, a critical question persists: does their generalization arise from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-08 Boxiang Ma , Ru Li , Yuanlong Wang , Hongye Tan , Xiaoli Li

Decomposing models into multiple components is critically important in many applications such as language modeling (LM) as it enables adapting individual components separately and biasing of some components to the user's personal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-11 Denis Filimonov , Ravi Teja Gadde , Ariya Rastrow

Transformers have become the go-to architecture for language and vision tasks, yet their theoretical properties, especially memorization capacity, remain elusive. This paper investigates the memorization abilities of multi-head attention…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Sadegh Mahdavi , Renjie Liao , Christos Thrampoulidis

Over-parameterized deep neural networks are able to achieve excellent training accuracy while maintaining a small generalization error. It has also been found that they are able to fit arbitrary labels, and this behaviour is referred to as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-17 Futong Liu , Tao Lin , Martin Jaggi

This study investigates the mechanisms and factors influencing memorization in fine-tuned large language models (LLMs), with a focus on the medical domain due to its privacy-sensitive nature. We examine how different aspects of the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Danil Savine

Reordering is a challenge to machine translation (MT) systems. In MT, the widely used approach is to apply word based language model (LM) which considers the constituent units of a sentence as words. In speech recognition (SR), some phrase…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2015-02-19 Geliang Chen

We propose a simple model of recognition, short-term memory, long-term memory and learning.

Biological Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Bruce Hoeneisen

Memorization, or the tendency of large language models (LLMs) to output entire sequences from their training data verbatim, is a key concern for safely deploying language models. In particular, it is vital to minimize a model's memorization…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-02 Stella Biderman , USVSN Sai Prashanth , Lintang Sutawika , Hailey Schoelkopf , Quentin Anthony , Shivanshu Purohit , Edward Raff

When we encounter a new person or place, we may easily encode it into our memories, or we may quickly forget it. Recent work finds that this likelihood of encoding a given entity - memorability - is highly consistent across viewers and…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2020-04-21 Wilma A. Bainbridge

LLMs have been found to memorize training textual sequences and regurgitate verbatim said sequences during text generation time. This fact is known to be the cause of privacy and related (e.g., copyright) problems. Unlearning in LLMs then…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-07 George-Octavian Barbulescu , Peter Triantafillou

Patterns are fundamental to human cognition, enabling the recognition of structure and regularity across diverse domains. In this work, we focus on structural repeats, patterns that arise from the repetition of hierarchical relations within…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Zeng Ren , Xinyi Guan , Martin Rohrmeier

Large Language Models (LLMs) are prevalent in modern applications but often memorize training data, leading to privacy breaches and copyright issues. Existing research has mainly focused on posthoc analyses, such as extracting memorized…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-10 Tarun Ram Menta , Susmit Agrawal , Chirag Agarwal

While recurrent neural networks have found success in a variety of natural language processing applications, they are general models of sequential data. We investigate how the properties of natural language data affect an LSTM's ability to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-04-09 Nelson F. Liu , Omer Levy , Roy Schwartz , Chenhao Tan , Noah A. Smith

Imitation learning aims to extract knowledge from human experts' demonstrations or artificially created agents in order to replicate their behaviors. Its success has been demonstrated in areas such as video games, autonomous driving,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-24 Boyuan Zheng , Sunny Verma , Jianlong Zhou , Ivor Tsang , Fang Chen

How do language models learn to make predictions during pre-training? To study this, we extract learning curves from five autoregressive English language model pre-training runs, for 1M unseen tokens in context. We observe that the language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-01 Tyler A. Chang , Zhuowen Tu , Benjamin K. Bergen

Spoken communication occurs in a "noisy channel" characterized by high levels of environmental noise, variability within and between speakers, and lexical and syntactic ambiguity. Given these properties of the received linguistic input,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-01-26 Stephan C. Meylan , Sathvik Nair , Thomas L. Griffiths

Generative models are increasingly used in 3D vision to synthesize novel shapes, yet it remains unclear whether their generation relies on memorizing training shapes. Understanding their memorization could help prevent training data leakage…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Shu Pu , Boya Zeng , Kaichen Zhou , Mengyu Wang , Zhuang Liu