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This paper presents a novel federated reinforcement learning (Fed-RL) methodology to enhance the cyber resiliency of networked microgrids. We formulate a resilient reinforcement learning (RL) training setup which (a) generates episodic…

Reinforcement learning (RL) is an agent-based approach for teaching robots to navigate within the physical world. Gathering data for RL is known to be a laborious task, and real-world experiments can be risky. Simulators facilitate the…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Jack Saunders , Sajad Saeedi , Wenbin Li

This paper presents a controlled study of adversarial reinforcement learning in network security through a custom OpenAI Gym environment that models brute-force attacks and reactive defenses on multi-port services. The environment captures…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Abrar Shahid , Ibteeker Mahir Ishum , AKM Tahmidul Haque , M Sohel Rahman , A. B. M. Alim Al Islam

Recent years have seen an explosion of interest in autonomous cyber defence agents trained to defend computer networks using deep reinforcement learning. These agents are typically trained in cyber gym environments using dense, highly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Elizabeth Bates , Chris Hicks , Vasilios Mavroudis

Large Language Models (LLMs) are set to reshape cybersecurity by augmenting red and blue team operations. Red teams can exploit LLMs to plan attacks, craft phishing content, simulate adversaries, and generate exploit code. Conversely, blue…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Alsharif Abuadbba , Chris Hicks , Kristen Moore , Vasilios Mavroudis , Burak Hasircioglu , Diksha Goel , Piers Jennings

As safety violations can lead to severe consequences in real-world robotic applications, the increasing deployment of Reinforcement Learning (RL) in robotic domains has propelled the study of safe exploration for reinforcement learning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-09-21 Hanping Zhang , Yuhong Guo

Reinforcement Learning (RL) agents demonstrating proficiency in a training environment exhibit vulnerability to adversarial perturbations in input observations during deployment. This underscores the importance of building a robust agent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-05 Tung M. Luu , Haeyong Kang , Tri Ton , Thanh Nguyen , Chang D. Yoo

Autonomous Cyber Operations (ACO) rely on Reinforcement Learning (RL) to train agents to make effective decisions in the cybersecurity domain. However, existing ACO applications require agents to learn from scratch, leading to slow…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Konur Tholl , Mariam El Mezouar , Ranwa Al Mallah

Website hacking is a frequent attack type used by malicious actors to obtain confidential information, modify the integrity of web pages or make websites unavailable. The tools used by attackers are becoming more and more automated and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-09-24 Laszlo Erdodi , Fabio Massimo Zennaro

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has shown remarkable success in real-world applications, particularly in robotics control. However, RL adoption remains limited due to insufficient safety guarantees. We introduce Nightmare Dreamer, a model-based…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Oluwatosin Oseni , Shengjie Wang , Jun Zhu , Micah Corah

In recent years, deep reinforcement learning (Deep RL) has been successfully implemented as a smart agent in many systems such as complex games, self-driving cars, and chat-bots. One of the interesting use cases of Deep RL is its…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-27 Foozhan Ataiefard , Hadi Hemmati

Command and control (C2) paths for issuing commands to malware are sometimes the only indicators of its existence within networks. Identifying potential C2 channels is often a manually driven process that involves a deep understanding of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Cheng Wang , Akshay Kakkar , Christopher Redino , Abdul Rahman , Ajinsyam S , Ryan Clark , Daniel Radke , Tyler Cody , Lanxiao Huang , Edward Bowen

LLM agents have demonstrated remarkable performance across various applications, primarily due to their advanced capabilities in reasoning, utilizing external knowledge and tools, calling APIs, and executing actions to interact with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-18 Zhaorun Chen , Zhen Xiang , Chaowei Xiao , Dawn Song , Bo Li

Recent advances in reinforcement learning (RL) and Human-in-the-Loop (HitL) learning have made human-AI collaboration easier for humans to team with AI agents. Leveraging human expertise and experience with AI in intelligent systems can be…

Ransomware detection systems increasingly rely on behavior-based machine learning to address evolving attack strategies. However, emerging privacy compliance, data governance, and responsible AI deployment demand not only accurate detection…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Jannatul Ferdous , Rafiqul Islam , Md Zahidul Islam

Energy optimization leveraging artificially intelligent algorithms has been proven effective. However, when buildings are commissioned, there is no historical data that could be used to train these algorithms. On-line Reinforcement Learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-03 Mikhail Genkin , J. J. McArthur

Currently, reinforcement learning (RL), especially deep RL, has received more and more attention in the research area. However, the security of RL has been an obvious problem due to the attack manners becoming mature. In order to defend…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-04 Jiarui Yao , Simon Shaolei Du

Adversarial attacks have exposed a significant security vulnerability in state-of-the-art machine learning models. Among these models include deep reinforcement learning agents. The existing methods for attacking reinforcement learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-17 Matthew Inkawhich , Yiran Chen , Hai Li

Successful applications of reinforcement learning in real-world problems often require dealing with partially observable states. It is in general very challenging to construct and infer hidden states as they often depend on the agent's…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2015-11-20 Xiujun Li , Lihong Li , Jianfeng Gao , Xiaodong He , Jianshu Chen , Li Deng , Ji He

Random exploration is one of the main mechanisms through which reinforcement learning (RL) finds well-performing policies. However, it can lead to undesirable or catastrophic outcomes when learning online in safety-critical environments. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-15 Djordje Grbic , Sebastian Risi