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In the field of quantitative trading, it is common practice to transform raw historical stock data into indicative signals for the market trend. Such signals are called alpha factors. Alphas in formula forms are more interpretable and thus…

Statistical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2023-06-23 Shuo Yu , Hongyan Xue , Xiang Ao , Feiyang Pan , Jia He , Dandan Tu , Qing He

Mining of formulaic alpha factors refers to the process of discovering and developing specific factors or indicators (referred to as alpha factors) for quantitative trading in stock market. To efficiently discover alpha factors in vast…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Hong-Gi Shin , Sukhyun Jeong , Eui-Yeon Kim , Sungho Hong , Young-Jin Cho , Yong-Hoon Choi

Alpha factor mining is a fundamental task in quantitative trading, aimed at discovering interpretable signals that can predict asset returns beyond systematic market risk. While traditional methods rely on manual formula design or heuristic…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Lang Cao

This paper introduces a reinforcement learning framework that employs Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) to dynamically optimize the weights of multiple large language model (LLM)-generated formulaic alphas for stock trading strategies.…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Qizhao Chen , Hiroaki Kawashima

Data processing and analytics are fundamental and pervasive. Algorithms play a vital role in data processing and analytics where many algorithm designs have incorporated heuristics and general rules from human knowledge and experience to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-07 Qingpeng Cai , Can Cui , Yiyuan Xiong , Wei Wang , Zhongle Xie , Meihui Zhang

The multi-factor model is a widely used model in quantitative investment. The success of a multi-factor model is largely determined by the effectiveness of the alpha factors used in the model. This paper proposes a new evolutionary…

Computational Finance · Quantitative Finance 2020-04-07 Tianping Zhang , Yuanqi Li , Yifei Jin , Jian Li

Modern quantitative trading increasingly relies on systematic models to extract predictive signals from large-scale financial data, where alpha factor discovery plays a central role in transforming market observations into tradable signals.…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Lingzhe Zhang , Tong Jia , Yunpeng Zhai , Zixuan Xie , Chiming Duan , Minghua He , Philip S. Yu , Ying Li

Classical portfolio optimization often requires forecasting asset returns and their corresponding variances in spite of the low signal-to-noise ratio provided in the financial markets. Modern deep reinforcement learning (DRL) offers a…

Portfolio Management · Quantitative Finance 2023-05-19 Alessio Brini , Daniele Tantari

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has emerged as a powerful paradigm in Artificial Intelligence (AI), enabling agents to learn optimal behaviors through interactions with their environments. Drawing from the foundations of trial and error, RL…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Majid Ghasemi , Amir Hossein Moosavi , Dariush Ebrahimi

Alpha factor mining is pivotal in quantitative investment for identifying predictive signals from complex financial data. While traditional formulaic alpha mining relies on human expertise, contemporary automated methods, such as those…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Yu Shi , Yitong Duan , Jian Li

Algorithmic stock trading has become a staple in today's financial market, the majority of trades being now fully automated. Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) agents proved to be to a force to be reckon with in many complex games like Chess…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-02 Tidor-Vlad Pricope

Alphas are stock prediction models capturing trading signals in a stock market. A set of effective alphas can generate weakly correlated high returns to diversify the risk. Existing alphas can be categorized into two classes: Formulaic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-04-02 Can Cui , Wei Wang , Meihui Zhang , Gang Chen , Zhaojing Luo , Beng Chin Ooi

In many reinforcement learning applications, the underlying environment reward and transition functions are explicitly known differentiable functions. This enables us to use recent research which applies machine learning tools to stochastic…

Portfolio Management · Quantitative Finance 2022-04-08 Thibault Jaisson

Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has been widely studied in the portfolio management task. However, it is challenging to understand a DRL-based trading strategy because of the black-box nature of deep neural networks. In this paper, we…

Portfolio Management · Quantitative Finance 2021-12-21 Mao Guan , Xiao-Yang Liu

Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has been envisioned to have a competitive edge in quantitative finance. However, there is a steep development curve for quantitative traders to obtain an agent that automatically positions to win in the…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2021-11-19 Xiao-Yang Liu , Hongyang Yang , Jiechao Gao , Christina Dan Wang

Alpha factor mining aims to discover investment signals from the historical financial market data, which can be used to predict asset returns and gain excess profits. Powerful deep learning methods for alpha factor mining lack…

Computational Finance · Quantitative Finance 2025-06-18 Junjie Zhao , Chengxi Zhang , Min Qin , Peng Yang

The formulaic alphas are mathematical formulas that transform raw stock data into indicated signals. In the industry, a collection of formulaic alphas is combined to enhance modeling accuracy. Existing alpha mining only employs the neural…

Computational Finance · Quantitative Finance 2024-03-01 Tao Ren , Ruihan Zhou , Jinyang Jiang , Jiafeng Liang , Qinghao Wang , Yijie Peng

This scientific research paper presents an innovative approach based on deep reinforcement learning (DRL) to solve the algorithmic trading problem of determining the optimal trading position at any point in time during a trading activity in…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2022-06-06 Thibaut Théate , Damien Ernst

The framework of deep reinforcement learning (DRL) provides a powerful and widely applicable mathematical formalization for sequential decision-making. This paper present a novel DRL framework, termed \emph{$f$-Divergence Reinforcement…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-15 Chen Gong , Qiang He , Yunpeng Bai , Zhou Yang , Xiaoyu Chen , Xinwen Hou , Xianjie Zhang , Yu Liu , Guoliang Fan

Discovering effective predictive signals, or "alphas," from financial data with high dimensionality and extremely low signal-to-noise ratio remains a difficult open problem. Despite progress in deep learning, genetic programming, and, more…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Fengyuan Liu , Yi Huang , Sichun Luo , Yuqi Wang , Yazheng Yang , Xinye Li , Zefa Hu , Junlan Feng , Qi Liu
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