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Social media platforms provide users the freedom of expression and a medium to exchange information and express diverse opinions. Unfortunately, this has also resulted in the growth of abusive content with the purpose of discriminating…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-07-01 Sohail Akhtar , Valerio Basile , Viviana Patti

The internet has become a central medium through which `networked publics' express their opinions and engage in debate. Offensive comments and personal attacks can inhibit participation in these spaces. Automated content moderation aims to…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2017-09-06 Reuben Binns , Michael Veale , Max Van Kleek , Nigel Shadbolt

Majority voting and averaging are common approaches employed to resolve annotator disagreements and derive single ground truth labels from multiple annotations. However, annotators may systematically disagree with one another, often…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-13 Aida Mostafazadeh Davani , Mark Díaz , Vinodkumar Prabhakaran

Data annotated by humans is a source of knowledge by describing the peculiarities of the problem and therefore fueling the decision process of the trained model. Unfortunately, the annotation process for subjective natural language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-14 Kamil Kanclerz , Julita Bielaniewicz , Marcin Gruza , Jan Kocon , Stanisław Woźniak , Przemysław Kazienko

Supervised classification heavily depends on datasets annotated by humans. However, in subjective tasks such as toxicity classification, these annotations often exhibit low agreement among raters. Annotations have commonly been aggregated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-17 Negar Mokhberian , Myrl G. Marmarelis , Frederic R. Hopp , Valerio Basile , Fred Morstatter , Kristina Lerman

Facial analysis models are increasingly applied in real-world applications that have significant impact on peoples' lives. However, as literature has shown, models that automatically classify facial attributes might exhibit algorithmic…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-06-15 Camila Kolling , Victor Araujo , Adriano Veloso , Soraia Raupp Musse

Hate speech detection is a crucial task, especially on social media, where harmful content can spread quickly. Implementing machine learning models to automatically identify and address hate speech is essential for mitigating its impact and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Somaiyeh Dehghan , Mehmet Umut Sen , Berrin Yanikoglu

Incorporating every annotator's perspective is crucial for unbiased data modeling. Annotator fatigue and changing opinions over time can distort dataset annotations. To combat this, we propose to learn a more accurate representation of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Uthman Jinadu , Yi Ding

As the body of research on abusive language detection and analysis grows, there is a need for critical consideration of the relationships between different subtasks that have been grouped under this label. Based on work on hate speech,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-05-31 Zeerak Waseem , Thomas Davidson , Dana Warmsley , Ingmar Weber

Gender-Based Violence (GBV) is an increasing problem online, but existing datasets fail to capture the plurality of possible annotator perspectives or ensure the representation of affected groups. We revisit two important stages in the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Aiqi Jiang , Nikolas Vitsakis , Tanvi Dinkar , Gavin Abercrombie , Ioannis Konstas

Current research on hate speech analysis is typically oriented towards monolingual and single classification tasks. In this paper, we present a new multilingual multi-aspect hate speech analysis dataset and use it to test the current…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-08-30 Nedjma Ousidhoum , Zizheng Lin , Hongming Zhang , Yangqiu Song , Dit-Yan Yeung

Having a quality annotated corpus is essential especially for applied research. Despite the recent focus of Web science community on researching about cyberbullying, the community dose not still have standard benchmarks. In this paper, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-05-25 Mohammadreza Rezvan , Saeedeh Shekarpour , Lakshika Balasuriya , Krishnaprasad Thirunarayan , Valerie Shalin , Amit Sheth

It is common practice in text classification to only use one majority label for model training even if a dataset has been annotated by multiple annotators. Doing so can remove valuable nuances and diverse perspectives inherent in the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-27 Jin Xu , Mariët Theune , Daniel Braun

Harmful content detection models tend to have higher false positive rates for content from marginalized groups. In the context of marginal abuse modeling on Twitter, such disproportionate penalization poses the risk of reduced visibility,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-13 Kyra Yee , Alice Schoenauer Sebag , Olivia Redfield , Emily Sheng , Matthias Eck , Luca Belli

In recent times, the detection of hate-speech, offensive, or abusive language in online media has become an important topic in NLP research due to the exponential growth of social media and the propagation of such messages, as well as their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-31 Andrei Paraschiv , Mihai Dascalu , Dumitru-Clementin Cercel

Subjective NLP tasks usually rely on human annotations provided by multiple annotators, whose judgments may vary due to their diverse backgrounds and life experiences. Traditional methods often aggregate multiple annotations into a single…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Benedetta Muscato , Praveen Bushipaka , Gizem Gezici , Lucia Passaro , Fosca Giannotti

This paper envisions a multi-agent system for detecting the presence of hate speech in online social media platforms such as Twitter and Facebook. We introduce a novel framework employing deep learning techniques to coordinate the channels…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-05-05 Gaurav Sahu , Robin Cohen , Olga Vechtomova

Detecting personal health mentions on social media is essential to complement existing health surveillance systems. However, annotating data for detecting health mentions at a large scale is a challenging task. This research employs a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-13 Olanrewaju Tahir Aduragba , Jialin Yu , Alexandra I. Cristea

Misogyny is often expressed through figurative language. Some neutral words can assume a negative connotation when functioning as pejorative epithets. Disambiguating the meaning of such terms might help the detection of misogyny. In order…

Background: Sexist and misogynistic behavior significantly hinders inclusion in technical communities like GitHub, causing developers, especially minorities, to leave due to subtle biases and microaggressions. Current moderation tools…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Tanni Dev , Sayma Sultana , Amiangshu Bosu