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As AI models expand in size, it has become increasingly challenging to deploy federated learning (FL) on resource-constrained edge devices. To tackle this issue, split federated learning (SFL) has emerged as an FL framework with reduced…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Zheng Lin , Wei Wei , Zhe Chen , Chan-Tong Lam , Xianhao Chen , Yue Gao , Jun Luo

Large Language Models (LLMs) have impressive data fusion and reasoning capabilities for autonomous driving (AD). However, training LLMs for AD faces significant challenges including high computation transmission costs, and privacy concerns…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Tianao Xiang , Mingjian Zhi , Yuanguo Bi , Lin Cai , Yuhao Chen

Federated learning (FL) can empower Internet-of-Vehicles (IoV) networks by leveraging smart vehicles (SVs) to participate in the learning process with minimum data exchanges and privacy disclosure. The collected data and learned knowledge…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2021-03-12 Yuris Mulya Saputra , Dinh Thai Hoang , Diep N. Nguyen , Le-Nam Tran , Shimin Gong , Eryk Dutkiewicz

Emerging intelligent transportation applications, such as accident reporting, lane change assistance, collision avoidance, and infotainment, will be based on diverse requirements (e.g., latency, reliability, quality of physical experience).…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2022-08-12 Latif U. Khan , Ehzaz Mustafa , Junaid Shuja , Faisal Rehman , Kashif Bilal , Zhu Han , Choong Seon Hong

Federated learning (FL) allows multiple parties (distributed devices) to train a machine learning model without sharing raw data. How to effectively and efficiently utilize the resources on devices and the central server is a highly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-18 Guangyu Zhu , Yiqin Deng , Xianhao Chen , Haixia Zhang , Yuguang Fang , Tan F. Wong

Federated learning (FL) is a promising approach to enable the future Internet of vehicles consisting of intelligent connected vehicles (ICVs) with powerful sensing, computing and communication capabilities. We consider a base station (BS)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-08 Bowen Xie , Yuxuan Sun , Sheng Zhou , Zhisheng Niu , Yang Xu , Jingran Chen , Deniz Gündüz

Federated Learning (FL) can protect the privacy of the vehicles in vehicle edge computing (VEC) to a certain extent through sharing the gradients of vehicles' local models instead of local data. The gradients of vehicles' local models are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-19 Cui Zhang , Wenjun Zhang , Qiong Wu , Pingyi Fan , Qiang Fan , Jiangzhou Wang , Khaled B. Letaief

Split Federated Learning (SFL) enables privacy-preserving collaborative training by partitioning models between clients and a server. However, under non-IID data distributions, SFL often suffers from biased optimization and unstable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Yuhan Xie , Chen Lyu , Jingrong Huang

Split Federated Learning (SFL) is a distributed machine learning paradigm that combines federated learning and split learning. In SFL, a neural network is partitioned at a cut layer, with the initial layers deployed on clients and remaining…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-12-23 Justin Dachille , Chao Huang , Xin Liu

Leveraging the computing and sensing capabilities of vehicles, vehicular federated learning (VFL) has been applied to edge training for connected vehicles. The dynamic and interconnected nature of vehicular networks presents unique…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Jintao Yan , Tan Chen , Yuxuan Sun , Zhaojun Nan , Sheng Zhou , Zhisheng Niu

Federated learning (FL) and split learning (SL) are two emerging collaborative learning methods that may greatly facilitate ubiquitous intelligence in Internet of Things (IoT). Federated learning enables machine learning (ML) models locally…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-21 Qiang Duan , Shijing Hu , Ruijun Deng , Zhihui Lu

Federated learning (FL) is a commonly distributed algorithm for mobile users (MUs) training artificial intelligence (AI) models, however, several challenges arise when applying FL to real-world scenarios, such as label scarcity, non-IID…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-14 Yubo Peng , Feibo Jiang , Li Dong , Kezhi Wang , Kun Yang

Machine learning (ML) is widely used for key tasks in Connected and Automated Vehicles (CAV), including perception, planning, and control. However, its reliance on vehicular data for model training presents significant challenges related to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-14 Vishnu Pandi Chellapandi , Liangqi Yuan , Christopher G. Brinton , Stanislaw H Zak , Ziran Wang

Split Learning (SL) is a promising collaborative machine learning approach, enabling resource-constrained devices to train models without sharing raw data, while reducing computational load and preserving privacy simultaneously. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-22 Yunrui Sun , Gang Hu , Yinglei Teng , Dunbo Cai

Assisted and autonomous driving are rapidly gaining momentum and will soon become a reality. Artificial intelligence and machine learning are regarded as key enablers thanks to the massive amount of data that smart vehicles will collect…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-21 Luca Ballotta , Nicolò Dal Fabbro , Giovanni Perin , Luca Schenato , Michele Rossi , Giuseppe Piro

In emerging networked systems, mobile edge devices such as ground vehicles and unmanned aerial system (UAS) swarms collectively aggregate vast amounts of data to make machine learning decisions such as threat detection in remote, dynamic,…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Utku Demir , Tugba Erpek , Yalin E. Sagduyu , Sastry Kompella , Mengran Xue

To enable large-scale and efficient deployment of artificial intelligence (AI), the combination of AI and edge computing has spawned Edge Intelligence, which leverages the computing and communication capabilities of end devices and edge…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-03-14 Yaqian Qi , Yuan Feng , Xiangxiang Wang , Hanzhe Li , Jingxiao Tian

Federated learning (FL) emerges as a promising approach to empower vehicular networks, composed by intelligent connected vehicles equipped with advanced sensing, computing, and communication capabilities. While previous studies have…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Dongyu Chen , Tao Deng , Juncheng Jia , Siwei Feng , Di Yuan

The development of Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) has brought about comprehensive urban traffic information that not only provides convenience to urban residents in their daily lives but also enhances the efficiency of urban road…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-03-15 Rongqing Zhang , Hanqiu Wang , Bing Li , Xiang Cheng , Liuqing Yang

With the prevalence of Large Learning Models (LLM), Split Federated Learning (SFL), which divides a learning model into server-side and client-side models, has emerged as an appealing technology to deal with the heavy computational burden…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-01-03 Yipeng Liang , Qimei Chen , Guangxu Zhu , Muhammad Kaleem Awan , Hao Jiang