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Autonomous driving systems (ADSs) have undergone remarkable development and are increasingly employed in safety-critical applications. However, recently reported data on fatal accidents involving ADSs suggests that the desired level of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-09-13 An Guo , Yuan Zhou , Haoxiang Tian , Chunrong Fang , Yunjian Sun , Weisong Sun , Xinyu Gao , Anh Tuan Luu , Yang Liu , Zhenyu Chen

The development of Automated Driving Systems (ADSs) has advanced significantly. To enable their large-scale deployment, the United Nations Regulation 157 (UN R157) concerning the approval of Automated Lane Keeping Systems (ALKSs) has been…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-02-14 Erwin de Gelder , Olaf Op den Camp

To date, hundreds of crashes have occurred in open road testing of automated vehicles (AVs), highlighting the need for improving AV reliability and safety. Pre-crash scenario typology classifies crashes based on vehicle dynamics and…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Yixuan Li , Xuesong Wang , Tianyi Wang , Qian Liu

Autonomous driving and its widespread adoption have long held tremendous promise. Nevertheless, without a trustworthy and thorough testing procedure, not only does the industry struggle to mass-produce autonomous vehicles (AV), but neither…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-13 Haoyi Niu , Kun Ren , Yizhou Xu , Ziyuan Yang , Yichen Lin , Yi Zhang , Jianming Hu

Autonomous driving systems (ADS) require extensive testing and validation before deployment. However, it is tedious and time-consuming to construct traffic scenarios for ADS testing. In this paper, we propose TrafficComposer, a multi-modal…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-26 Zhi Tu , Liangkun Niu , Wei Fan , Tianyi Zhang

Virtual testing has emerged as an effective approach to accelerate the deployment of automated driving systems. Nevertheless, existing simulation toolchains encounter difficulties in integrating rapid, automated scenario generation with…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Dong Bi , Yongqi Zhao , Zhengguo Gu , Tomislav Mihalj , Jia Hu , Arno Eichberger

Intelligent vehicles and autonomous driving systems rely on scenario engineering for intelligence and index (I&I), calibration and certification (C&C), and verification and validation (V&V). To extract and index scenarios, various vehicle…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-05-15 Cheng Chang , Jiawei Zhang , Jingwei Ge , Zuo Zhang , Junqing Wei , Li Li , Fei-Yue Wang

Achieving fully autonomous driving systems requires learning rational decisions in a wide span of scenarios, including safety-critical and out-of-distribution ones. However, such cases are underrepresented in real-world corpus collected by…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Haochen Tian , Tianyu Li , Haochen Liu , Jiazhi Yang , Yihang Qiu , Guang Li , Junli Wang , Yinfeng Gao , Zhang Zhang , Liang Wang , Hangjun Ye , Tieniu Tan , Long Chen , Hongyang Li

To build a smarter and safer city, a secure, efficient, and sustainable transportation system is a key requirement. The autonomous driving system (ADS) plays an important role in the development of smart transportation and is considered one…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-25 Abu Shad Ahammed , Md Shahi Amran Hossain , Roman Obermaisser

This study underscores the vital importance of intelligent driving functions in enhancing road safety and driving comfort. Central to our research is the challenge of obtaining sufficient test data for evaluating these functions, especially…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Nico Schick , Franjo Čičak

Simulative and scenario-based testing are crucial methods in the safety assurance for automated driving systems. To ensure that simulation results are reliable, the real world must be modeled with sufficient fidelity, including not only the…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Christian Geller , Daniel Becker , Jobst Beckmann , Lutz Eckstein

How to generate testing scenario libraries for connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) is a major challenge faced by the industry. In previous studies, to evaluate maneuver challenge of a scenario, surrogate models (SMs) are often used…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-09-30 Shuo Feng , Yiheng Feng , Haowei Sun , Yi Zhang , Henry X. Liu

Safety-critical scenarios are essential for training and evaluating autonomous driving (AD) systems, yet remain extremely rare in real-world driving datasets. To address this, we propose Real-world Crash Grounding (RCG), a scenario…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Benjamin Stoler , Juliet Yang , Jonathan Francis , Jean Oh

As the horizon of intelligent transportation expands with the evolution of Automated Driving Systems (ADS), ensuring paramount safety becomes more imperative than ever. Traditional risk assessment methodologies, primarily crafted for…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-01-19 Anil Ranjitbhai Patel , Peter Liggesmeyer

Verification and validation of autonomous driving (AD) systems and components is of increasing importance, as such technology increases in real-world prevalence. Safety-critical scenario generation is a key approach to robustify AD policies…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Benjamin Stoler , Ingrid Navarro , Jonathan Francis , Jean Oh

Many players in the automotive field support scenario-based assessment of automated vehicles (AVs), where individual traffic situations can be tested and, thus, facilitate concluding on the performance of AVs in different situations. Since…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-08-28 Detian Guo , Manuel Muñoz Sánchez , Erwin de Gelder , Tom P. J. van der Sande

Intelligent driving systems aim to achieve a zero-collision mobility experience, requiring interdisciplinary efforts to enhance safety performance. This work focuses on risk identification, the process of identifying and analyzing risks…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-06 Chi-Hsi Kung , Chieh-Chi Yang , Pang-Yuan Pao , Shu-Wei Lu , Pin-Lun Chen , Hsin-Cheng Lu , Yi-Ting Chen

A rigorous and comprehensive testing plays a key role in training self-driving cars to handle variety of situations that they are expected to see on public roads. The physical testing on public roads is unsafe, costly, and not always…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-01-15 Prabhjot Kaur , Samira Taghavi , Zhaofeng Tian , Weisong Shi

Stress testing is an approach for evaluating the reliability of systems under extreme conditions which help reveal vulnerable scenarios that standard testing may overlook. Identifying such scenarios is of great importance in autonomous…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-09-20 Linh Trinh , Quang-Hung Luu , Thai M. Nguyen , Hai L. Vu

Autonomous driving systems (ADS) are increasingly deployed in real traffic, yet testing remains fundamentally challenging due to open environments, complex scenarios, and the lack of established processes and metrics. Despite extensive…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Qunying Song , Ali Nouri , Håkan Sivencrona , Federica Sarro