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Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) has become the standard for aligning Large Language Models (LLMs), yet its efficacy is bottlenecked by the high cost of acquiring preference data, especially in low-resource and expert…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Davit Melikidze , Marian Schneider , Jessica Lam , Martin Wertich , Ido Hakimi , Barna Pásztor , Andreas Krause

Large language models (LLMs) have formulated a blueprint for the advancement of artificial general intelligence. Its primary objective is to function as a human-centric (helpful, honest, and harmless) assistant. Alignment with humans…

As large language models (LLMs) are deployed in multilingual settings, their safety behavior in culturally diverse, low-resource languages remains poorly understood. We present the first systematic evaluation of LLM safety across 12 Indic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Priyaranjan Pattnayak , Sanchari Chowdhuri

As the popularity of Large Language Models (LLMs) grow, combining model safety with utility becomes increasingly important. The challenge is making sure that LLMs can recognize and decline dangerous prompts without sacrificing their ability…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-30 Ruchira Ray , Ruchi Bhalani

Human feedback can alter language models in unpredictable and undesirable ways, as practitioners lack a clear understanding of what feedback data encodes. While prior work studies preferences over certain attributes (e.g., length or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Rajiv Movva , Smitha Milli , Sewon Min , Emma Pierson

Large language models are first pre-trained on trillions of tokens and then instruction-tuned or aligned to specific preferences. While pre-training remains out of reach for most researchers due to the compute required, fine-tuning has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Megh Thakkar , Quentin Fournier , Matthew D Riemer , Pin-Yu Chen , Amal Zouaq , Payel Das , Sarath Chandar

This paper studies reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF) for aligning large language models with human preferences. While RLHF has demonstrated promising results, many algorithms are highly sensitive to misspecifications in the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Erhan Xu , Kai Ye , Hongyi Zhou , Luhan Zhu , Francesco Quinzan , Chengchun Shi

Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit significant safety disparities across languages, with low-resource languages (LRLs) often bypassing safety guardrails established for high-resource languages (HRLs) like English. Existing solutions, such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Jiaming Liang , Zhaoxin Wang , Handing Wang

Aligning large language models with humans is challenging due to the inherently multifaceted nature of preference feedback. While existing approaches typically frame this as a multi-objective optimization problem, they often overlook how…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Mohamad Chehade , Soumya Suvra Ghosal , Souradip Chakraborty , Avinash Reddy , Dinesh Manocha , Hao Zhu , Amrit Singh Bedi

The ability of LLMs to represent diverse perspectives is critical as they increasingly impact society. However, recent studies reveal that alignment algorithms such as RLHF and DPO significantly reduce the diversity of LLM outputs. Not only…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Stewart Slocum , Asher Parker-Sartori , Dylan Hadfield-Menell

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in high-stakes domains, yet a unified treatment of their overlapping safety challenges remains lacking. We present SafeLM, a framework that jointly addresses four pillars of LLM safety:…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Noor Islam S. Mohammad , Uluğ Bayazıt

Large Language Models (LLMs) acquire extensive knowledge and remarkable abilities from extensive text corpora, making them powerful tools for various applications. To make LLMs more usable, aligning them with human preferences is essential.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-21 Mozhi Zhang , Pengyu Wang , Chenkun Tan , Mianqiu Huang , Dong Zhang , Yaqian Zhou , Xipeng Qiu

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used in decision-making scenarios that involve risk assessment, yet their alignment with human economic rationality remains unclear. In this study, we investigate whether LLMs exhibit risk…

General Economics · Economics 2025-09-16 Jiaxin Liu , Yixuan Tang , Yi Yang , Kar Yan Tam

As LLMs become capable of complex tasks, there is growing potential for personalized interactions tailored to the subtle and idiosyncratic preferences of the user. We present a public benchmark, PersonalLLM, focusing on adapting LLMs to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Thomas P. Zollo , Andrew Wei Tung Siah , Naimeng Ye , Ang Li , Hongseok Namkoong

Most prior safety research of large language models (LLMs) has focused on enhancing the alignment of LLMs to better suit the safety requirements of humans. However, internalizing such safeguard features into larger models brought challenges…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-24 Ohjoon Kwon , Donghyeon Jeon , Nayoung Choi , Gyu-Hwung Cho , Changbong Kim , Hyunwoo Lee , Inho Kang , Sun Kim , Taiwoo Park

Alignment tuning has enabled large language models to excel in reasoning, instruction-following, and minimizing harmful generations. However, despite their widespread deployment, these models exhibit a monolingual bias, raising concerns…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-04 Nikhil Verma , Manasa Bharadwaj

Large language models (LLMs) have become ubiquitous, thus it is important to understand their risks and limitations. Smaller LLMs can be deployed where compute resources are constrained, such as edge devices, but with different propensity…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Berk Atil , Vipul Gupta , Sarkar Snigdha Sarathi Das , Rebecca J. Passonneau

Human preference plays a crucial role in the refinement of large language models (LLMs). However, collecting human preference feedback is costly and most existing datasets neglect the correlation between personalization and preferences. To…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Qi Zhou , Jie Zhang , Dongxia Wang , Qiang Liu , Tianlin Li , Jin Song Dong , Wenhai Wang , Qing Guo

The safety evaluation of large language models (LLMs) remains largely centered on English, leaving non-English languages and culturally grounded risks underexplored. In this work, we investigate LLM safety in the context of the Thai…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Trapoom Ukarapol , Nut Chukamphaeng , Kunat Pipatanakul , Pakhapoom Sarapat

Large language models (LLMs) often exhibit tendencies that diverge from human preferences, such as favoring certain writing styles or producing overly verbose outputs. While crucial for improvement, identifying the factors driving these…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Juhyun Oh , Eunsu Kim , Jiseon Kim , Wenda Xu , Inha Cha , William Yang Wang , Alice Oh