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The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is an algorithmic framework for finding approximate solutions to combinatorial optimization problems, derived from an approximation to the Quantum Adiabatic Algorithm (QAA). In solving…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-02-05 Yue Ruan , Samuel Marsh , Xilin Xue , Xi Li , Zhihao Liu , Jingbo Wang

Current hardware limitations restrict the potential when solving quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) problems via the quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) or quantum annealing (QA). Thus, we consider training…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-04-30 Thomas Gabor , Sebastian Feld , Hila Safi , Thomy Phan , Claudia Linnhoff-Popien

Real-world optimization problems must undergo a series of transformations before becoming solvable on current quantum hardware. Even for a fixed problem, the number of possible transformation paths -- from industry-relevant formulations…

Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) and Quantum Annealing are prominent approaches for solving combinatorial optimization problems, such as those formulated as Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO). These…

A combinatorial optimization problem is to find an optimal solution under the constraints. This is one of the potential applications for quantum computers. Quantum Random Access Optimization (QRAO) is the quantum optimization algorithm that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-03 Hiromichi Matsuyama , Wei-hao Huang , Kohji Nishimura , Yu Yamashiro

Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) is a broad class of optimization problems with many practical applications. To solve its hard instances in an exact way, known classical algorithms require exponential time and several…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-01-21 Gian Giacomo Guerreschi

Constrained combinatorial optimization with strict linear constraints underpins applications in drug discovery, power grids, logistics, and finance, yet remains computationally demanding for classical algorithms, especially at large scales.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-07 Yajie Hao , Qiming Ding , Xiao Yuan , Xiaoting Wang

The broad applicability of Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) constitutes a general-purpose modeling framework for combinatorial optimization problems and are a required format for gate array and quantum annealing computers.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-04-06 Amit Verma , Mark Lewis

Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) can be used to solve quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) problems. However, the size of the solvable problem is limited by the number of qubits. To leverage noisy…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-10 Wending Zhao , Gaoxiang Tang

While the ultimate goal of solving computationally intractable problems is to find a provably optimal solutions, practical constraints of real-world scenarios often necessitate focusing on efficiently obtaining high-quality, near-optimal…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-23 Prashanti Priya Angara , Emily Martins , Ulrike Stege , Hausi Müller

Combinatorial optimization is a promising area for achieving quantum speedup. Quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) is designed to search for low-energy states of the Ising model, which correspond to near-optimal solutions of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-14 Tatsuhiko Shirai , Nozomu Togawa

We present a quantum alternating operator ansatz (QAOA$^+$) that solves a class of linearly constrained optimization problems by evolving a quantum state within a Hilbert subspace of feasible problem solutions. Our main focus is on a class…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-30 Brayden Goldstein-Gelb , Phillip C. Lotshaw

Quantum computing is a promising technology to address combinatorial optimization problems, for example via the quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA). Its potential, however, hinges on scaling toy problems to sizes relevant for…

Quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) has become the standard format for optimization using quantum computers, i.e., for both the quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) and quantum annealing (QA). We present a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-04-26 Thomas Gabor , Marian Lingsch Rosenfeld , Sebastian Feld , Claudia Linnhoff-Popien

An increasingly popular method for solving a constrained combinatorial optimisation problem is to first convert it into a quadratic unconstrained binary optimisation (QUBO) problem, and solve it using a standard QUBO solver. However, this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-22 Tian Huang , Siong Thye Goh , Sabrish Gopalakrishnan , Tao Luo , Qianxiao Li , Hoong Chuin Lau

In this paper, we propose a hybrid framework to solve large-scale permutation-based combinatorial problems effectively using a high-performance quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) solver. To do so, transformations are…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-07-07 Siong Thye Goh , Sabrish Gopalakrishnan , Jianyuan Bo , Hoong Chuin Lau

Current state-of-the-art quantum optimization algorithms require representing the original problem as a binary optimization problem, which is then converted into an equivalent cost Hamiltonian suitable for the quantum device. Implementing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-26 Bence Bakó , Adam Glos , Özlem Salehi , Zoltán Zimborás

We extend the family of problems that may be implemented on an adiabatic quantum optimizer (AQO). When a quadratic optimization problem has at least one set of discrete controls and the constraints are linear, we call this a quadratic…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-07-16 Rishabh Chandra , N. Tobias Jacobson , Jonathan E. Moussa , Steven H. Frankel , Sabre Kais

This paper explores the application of Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) models in solving the Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP) through Quantum Annealing algorithms and Graph Neural Networks. Quantum Annealing (QA), a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-01 Haoqi He

Abstraction layers are of paramount importance in software architecture, as they shield the higher-level formulation of payload computations from lower-level details. Since quantum computing (QC) introduces many such details that are often…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-04 Lukas Schmidbauer , Karen Wintersperger , Elisabeth Lobe , Wolfgang Mauerer