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In practical computations, the (preconditioned) conjugate gradient (P)CG method is the iterative method of choice for solving systems of linear algebraic equations $Ax=b$ with a real symmetric positive definite matrix $A$. During the…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2021-01-12 Gérard Meurant , Jan Papež , Petr Tichý

For linear inverse problems $Y=\mathsf{A}\mu+\xi$, it is classical to recover the unknown signal $\mu$ by iterative regularisation methods $(\widehat \mu^{(m)}, m=0,1,\ldots)$ and halt at a data-dependent iteration $\tau$ using some…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2017-10-27 Gilles Blanchard , Marc Hoffmann , Markus Reiß

The demands of accuracy in measurements and engineering models today, renders the condition number of problems larger. While a corresponding increase in the precision of floating point numbers ensured a stable computing, the uncertainty in…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2022-09-12 Puneet Jain , Krishna Manglani , Murugesan Venkatapathi

We consider standard gradient descent, gradient flow and conjugate gradients as iterative algorithms for minimising a penalised ridge criterion in linear regression. While it is well known that conjugate gradients exhibit fast numerical…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-01-30 Laura Hucker , Markus Reiß , Thomas Stark

This work examines the convergence of stochastic gradient-based optimization algorithms that use early stopping based on a validation function. The form of early stopping we consider is that optimization terminates when the norm of the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-07-23 Thomas Flynn , Kwang Min Yu , Abid Malik , Nicolas D'Imperio , Shinjae Yoo

Early stopping of iterative algorithms is a widely-used form of regularization in statistics, commonly used in conjunction with boosting and related gradient-type algorithms. Although consistency results have been established in some…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-03-15 Yuting Wei , Fanny Yang , Martin J. Wainwright

The preconditioned conjugate gradient (PCG) algorithm is one of the most popular algorithms for solving large-scale linear systems Ax = b, where A is a symmetric positive definite matrix. Rather than computing residuals directly, it updates…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-11-19 Thomas Bake , Erin Carson , Yuxin Ma

Bayesian linear inverse problems aim to recover an unknown signal from noisy observations, incorporating prior knowledge. This paper analyses a data-dependent method to choose the scale parameter of a Gaussian prior. The method we study…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-10-22 Maia Tienstra , Sebastian Reich

We consider three mathematically equivalent variants of the conjugate gradient (CG) algorithm and how they perform in finite precision arithmetic. It was shown in [{\em Behavior of slightly perturbed Lanczos and conjugate-gradient…

Numerical Analysis · Computer Science 2021-07-19 Anne Greenbaum , Hexuan Liu , Tyler Chen

Stochastic gradient descent is one of the most successful approaches for solving large-scale problems, especially in machine learning and statistics. At each iteration, it employs an unbiased estimator of the full gradient computed from one…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2018-12-05 Bangti Jin , Xiliang Lu

In [Meurant, Pape\v{z}, Tich\'y; Numerical Algorithms 88, 2021], we presented an adaptive estimate for the energy norm of the error in the conjugate gradient (CG) method. In this paper, we extend the estimate to algorithms for solving…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2023-05-04 Jan Papež , Petr Tichý

The conjugate gradient (CG) method is an efficient iterative method for solving large-scale strongly convex quadratic programming (QP). In this paper we propose some generalized CG (GCG) methods for solving the $\ell_1$-regularized…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2016-02-15 Zhaosong Lu , Xiaojun Chen

In overparameterized logistic regression, gradient descent (GD) iterates diverge in norm while converging in direction to the maximum $\ell_2$-margin solution -- a phenomenon known as the implicit bias of GD. This work investigates…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Jingfeng Wu , Peter Bartlett , Matus Telgarsky , Bin Yu

Estimation of actual errors from the residue in iterative solutions is necessary for efficient solution of large problems when their condition number is much larger than one. Such estimators for conjugate gradient algorithms used to solve…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2014-06-27 Aashish Vishwakarma , Murugesan Venkatapathi

We consider stopping criteria that balance algebraic and discretization errors for the conjugate gradient algorithm applied to high-order finite element discretizations of Poisson problems. Firstly, we introduce a new stopping criterion…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2024-08-06 Yichen Guo , Eric de Sturler , Tim Warburton

We analyze the convergence of the Conjugate Gradient (CG) method in exact arithmetic, when the coefficient matrix $A$ is symmetric positive semidefinite and the system is consistent. To do so, we diagonalize $A$ and decompose the algorithm…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2020-05-12 Ken Hayami

Gradient Descent (GD) and Conjugate Gradient (CG) methods are among the most effective iterative algorithms for solving unconstrained optimization problems, particularly in machine learning and statistical modeling, where they are employed…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-12-19 Xianqi Jiao , Jia Liu , Zhiping Chen

Early stopping of iterative algorithms is an algorithmic regularization method to avoid over-fitting in estimation and classification. In this paper, we show that early stopping can also be applied to obtain the minimax optimal testing in a…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2018-09-18 Meimei Liu , Guang Cheng

The conjugate gradient method (CG) is typically used with a preconditioner which improves efficiency and robustness of the method. Many preconditioners include parameters and a proper choice of a preconditioner and its parameters is often…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2019-06-04 Alexandr Katrutsa , Mike Botchev , George Ovchinnikov , Ivan Oseledets

In practical conjugate gradient (CG) computations it is important to monitor the quality of the approximate solution to $Ax=b$ so that the CG algorithm can be stopped when the required accuracy is reached. The relevant convergence…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2018-10-05 Gérard Meurant , Petr Tichý
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