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Code large language models (Code LLMs) are powerful but costly to train, with scaling laws predicting performance from model size, data, and compute. However, different programming languages (PLs) have varying impacts during pre-training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Jian Yang , Shawn Guo , Lin Jing , Wei Zhang , Aishan Liu , Chuan Hao , Zhoujun Li , Wayne Xin Zhao , Xianglong Liu , Weifeng Lv , Bryan Dai

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable abilities in representation learning for program synthesis and understanding tasks. The quality of the learned representations appears to be dictated by the neural scaling laws as a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-13 Erik Nijkamp , Hiroaki Hayashi , Caiming Xiong , Silvio Savarese , Yingbo Zhou

Continual Pre-training (CPT) serves as a fundamental approach for adapting foundation models to domain-specific applications. Scaling laws for pre-training define a power-law relationship between dataset size and the test loss of an LLM.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Lei Liu , Hao Zhu , Yue Shen , Zhixuan Chu , Jian Wang , Jinjie Gu , Kui Ren

In recent years, the size of pre-trained language models (PLMs) has grown by leaps and bounds. However, efficiency issues of these large-scale PLMs limit their utilization in real-world scenarios. We present a suite of cost-effective…

Molecular modeling is an important topic in drug discovery. Decades of research have led to the development of high quality scalable molecular force fields. In this paper, we show that neural networks can be used to train a universal…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2021-04-20 Ke Liu , Zekun Ni , Zhenyu Zhou , Suocheng Tan , Xun Zou , Haoming Xing , Xiangyan Sun , Qi Han , Junqiu Wu , Jie Fan

Large Transformer-based language models are pre-trained on corpora of varying sizes, for a different number of steps and with different batch sizes. At the same time, more fundamental components, such as the pre-training objective or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-12 M. Aßenmacher , P. Schulze , C. Heumann

Scaling up neural networks has led to remarkable performance across a wide range of tasks. Moreover, performance often follows reliable scaling laws as a function of training set size, model size, and compute, which offers valuable guidance…

Building general-purpose models that can effectively perceive the world through multimodal signals has been a long-standing goal. Current approaches involve integrating separately pre-trained components, such as connecting vision encoders…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Mustafa Shukor , Enrico Fini , Victor Guilherme Turrisi da Costa , Matthieu Cord , Joshua Susskind , Alaaeldin El-Nouby

Deep learning has recently revealed the existence of scaling laws, demonstrating that model performance follows predictable trends based on dataset and model sizes. Inspired by these findings and fascinating phenomena emerging in the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-10 Mattia Rosso , Simone Rossi , Giulio Franzese , Markus Heinonen , Maurizio Filippone

Researchers build scaling laws to forecast the training performance of expensive large-scale runs with larger model size N and data size D. These laws assume that other training hyperparameters are optimally chosen, which can require…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Huaqing Zhang , Kaiyue Wen , Tengyu Ma

Learning high-quality text representations is fundamental to a wide range of NLP tasks. While encoder pretraining has traditionally relied on Masked Language Modeling (MLM), recent evidence suggests that decoder models pretrained with…

Large language models (LLMs) demand substantial computational and memory resources, creating deployment challenges. Quantization-aware training (QAT) addresses these challenges by reducing model precision while maintaining performance.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Mengzhao Chen , Chaoyi Zhang , Jing Liu , Yutao Zeng , Zeyue Xue , Zhiheng Liu , Yunshui Li , Jin Ma , Jie Huang , Xun Zhou , Ping Luo

Existing scaling laws for Large Language Models (LLMs), predominantly monotonic power laws, fail to explain emerging non-monotonic phenomena such as catastrophic overtraining and quantization-induced degradation, where performance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Xu Ouyang , Deyi Liu , Yuhang Cai , Jing Liu , Yuan Yang , Chen Zheng , Thomas Hartvigsen , Yiyuan Ma

Optimizing chemical molecules for desired properties lies at the core of drug development. Despite initial successes made by deep generative models and reinforcement learning methods, these methods were mostly limited by the requirement of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-01 Shuangjia Zheng , Ying Song , Zhang Pan , Chengtao Li , Le Song , Yuedong Yang

Tables stored in databases and tables which are present in web pages and articles account for a large part of semi-structured data that is available on the internet. It then becomes pertinent to develop a modeling approach with large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-03 Soumajyoti Sarkar , Leonard Lausen

Data scaling has revolutionized research fields like natural language processing, computer vision, and robotics control, providing foundation models with remarkable multi-task and generalization capabilities. In this paper, we investigate…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-03-27 Shaohuai Liu , Lin Dong , Chao Tian , Le Xie

Large language model (LLM) scaling laws are empirical formulas that estimate changes in model quality as a result of increasing parameter count and training data. However, these formulas, including the popular Deepmind Chinchilla scaling…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Nikhil Sardana , Jacob Portes , Sasha Doubov , Jonathan Frankle

Neural scaling laws offer valuable insights for designing robust sequence processing architectures. While these laws have been extensively characterized in other modalities, their behavior in speech remains comparatively underexplored. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-17 William Chen , Jinchuan Tian , Yifan Peng , Brian Yan , Chao-Han Huck Yang , Shinji Watanabe

The prevailing paradigm in large language model (LLM) development is to pretrain a base model, then perform further training to improve performance and model behavior. However, hyperparameter optimization and scaling laws have been studied…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Tessa Han , Sebastian Bordt , Hanlin Zhang , Sham Kakade

Training compute is increasingly outpacing the availability of high-quality data. This shifts the central challenge from optimal compute allocation to extracting maximum value from limited data. The widely adopted Chinchilla scaling law…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Justin Lovelace , Christian Belardi , Srivatsa Kundurthy , Shriya Sudhakar , Kilian Q. Weinberger