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Quantum error correction (QEC) is critical for scalable fault-tolerant quantum computing. Topological codes, such as the toric code, offer hardware-efficient architectures but their Tanner graphs contain many girth-4 cycles that degrade the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-24 Luca Menti , Francisco Lázaro

Local decoders provide a promising approach to real-time quantum error-correction by replacing centralized classical decoding, with significant hardware constraints, by a fully distributed architecture based on a simple, local update rule.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-16 Louis Paletta

In this paper, we propose a novel message-passing decoding approach that leverages the degeneracy of quantum low-density parity-check codes to enhance decoding performance, eliminating the need for serial scheduling or post-processing. Our…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-10 Dimitris Chytas , Nithin Raveendran , Bane Vasic

Kitaev's toric code is arguably the most studied quantum code and is expected to be implemented in future generations of quantum computers. The renormalisation decoders introduced by Duclos-Cianci and Poulin exhibit one of the best…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-09-22 Wouter Rozendaal , Gilles Zémor

The scalability and interpretability of message-passing (MP) decoding, such as (quaternary) Belief Propagation, remain open challenges in quantum error correction. Even for surface codes, arguably the first testbed for decoding methods,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-26 Boqing Zhang , Henry D. Pfister , Hanwen Yao , Siyuan Niu

Fault tolerance is a prerequisite for scalable quantum computing. Architectures based on 2D topological codes are effective for near-term implementations of fault tolerance. To obtain high performance with these architectures, we require a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-10-23 Ben Criger , Imran Ashraf

Topological subsystem codes proposed recently by Bombin are quantum error correcting codes defined on a two-dimensional grid of qubits that permit reliable quantum information storage with a constant error threshold. These codes require…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-20 Martin Suchara , Sergey Bravyi , Barbara M. Terhal

We examine the performance of the single-mode GKP code and its concatenation with the toric code for a noise model of Gaussian shifts, or displacement errors. We show how one can optimize the tracking of errors in repeated noisy error…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-04-02 Christophe Vuillot , Hamed Asasi , Yang Wang , Leonid P. Pryadko , Barbara M. Terhal

We implement a quantum error correction algorithm for bit-flip errors on the topological toric code using deep reinforcement learning. An action-value Q-function encodes the discounted value of moving a defect to a neighboring site on the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-09-04 Philip Andreasson , Joel Johansson , Simon Liljestrand , Mats Granath

Quantum error correction is a key ingredient for large scale quantum computation, protecting logical information from physical noise by encoding it into many physical qubits. Topological stabilizer codes are particularly appealing due to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-28 Hoang Viet Nguyen , Manh Hung Nguyen , Hoang Ta , Van Khu Vu , Yeow Meng Chee

Efficient high-performance decoding of topological stabilizer codes has the potential to crucially improve the balance between logical failure rates and the number and individual error rates of the constituent qubits. High-threshold…

flip is an extremely simple and maximally local classical decoder which has been used to great effect in certain classes of classical codes. When applied to quantum codes there exist constant-weight errors (such as half of a stabiliser)…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-08-30 T. R. Scruby , K. Nemoto

Topological quantum codes, such as toric and surface codes, are excellent candidates for hardware implementation due to their robustness against errors and their local interactions between qubits. However, decoding these codes efficiently…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-16 Michele Pacenti , Mark F. Flanagan , Dimitris Chytas , Bane Vasic

Erasures are the primary type of errors in physical systems dominated by leakage errors. While quantum error correction (QEC) using stabilizer codes can combat erasure errors, it remains unknown which constructions achieve capacity…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-05 Kao-Yueh Kuo , Yingkai Ouyang

The min-sum (MS) algorithm is arguably the second most fundamental algorithm in the realm of message passing due to its optimality (for a tree code) with respect to the {\em block error} probability \cite{Wiberg}. There also seems to be a…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2007-07-13 Kapil Bhattad , Vishwambhar Rathi , Ruediger Urbanke

Mitigating errors in computing and communication systems has seen a great deal of research since the beginning of the widespread use of these technologies. However, as we develop new methods to do computation or communication, we also need…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-20 Oliver Weissl , Evgenii Egorov

The recent development of deep learning methods provides a new approach to optimize the belief propagation (BP) decoding of linear codes. However, the limitation of existing works is that the scale of neural networks increases rapidly with…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-02-11 Jincheng Dai , Kailin Tan , Zhongwei Si , Kai Niu , Mingzhe Chen , H. Vincent Poor , Shuguang Cui

Decoding stabilizer codes such as the surface and toric codes involves evaluating free-energy differences in a disordered statistical mechanics model, in which the randomness comes from the observed pattern of error syndromes. We study the…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2026-05-20 Hongkun Chen , Daohong Xu , Grace M. Sommers , David A. Huse , Jeff D. Thompson , Sarang Gopalakrishnan

Quantum error correction is indispensable to achieving reliable quantum computation. When quantum information is encoded redundantly, a larger Hilbert space is constructed using multiple physical qubits, and the computation is performed…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-29 Hoshitaro Ohnishi , Hideo Mukai

Quantum error correction (QEC) is indispensable for realizing fault-tolerant quantum computation, yet its effectiveness hinges critically on the classical decoding algorithm that interprets noisy syndrome measurements. Among all possible…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-19 Hanyan Cao , Ge Yan , Yuxuan Du , Feng Pan
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