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Fast decoding algorithms are decisive for real-time quantum error correction and for analyzing properties of error correction codes. Here, we develop variants of the union-find decoder that simplify its implementation and provide potential…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-24 Matthias C. Löbl , Susan X. Chen , Stefano Paesani , Anders S. Sørensen

Quantum low-density parity-check (qLDPC) codes are promising candidates for fault-tolerant quantum computation due to their high encoding rates and distances. However, implementing logical operations using qLDPC codes presents significant…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-18 Ze-Chuan Liu , Chong-Yuan Xu , Yong Xu

The demonstration of quantum error correction (QEC) is one of the most important milestones in the realization of fully-fledged quantum computers. Toward this, QEC experiments using the surface codes have recently been actively conducted.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-01-12 Mitsuki Katsuda , Kosuke Mitarai , Keisuke Fujii

Quantum low-density parity-check (qLDPC) codes are an important component in the quest for quantum fault tolerance. Dramatic recent progress on qLDPC codes has led to constructions which are asymptotically good, and which admit linear-time…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-08 Louis Golowich , Venkatesan Guruswami

Iterative decoders for finite length quantum low-density parity-check (QLDPC) codes are attractive because their hardware complexity scales only linearly with the number of physical qubits. However, they are impacted by short cycles,…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-10-20 Nithin Raveendran , Bane Vasić

Scaling quantum computing to practical applications necessitates reliable quantum error correction. Although numerous correction codes have been proposed, the overall correction efficiency critically limited by the decode algorithms. We…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-04 Gengyuan Hu , Wanli Ouyang , Chao-Yang Lu , Chen Lin , Han-Sen Zhong

Quantum error correction, which utilizes logical qubits that are encoded as redundant multiple physical qubits to find and correct errors in physical qubits, is indispensable for practical quantum computing. Surface code is considered to be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Hoshitaro Ohnishi , Hideo Mukai

Quantum error correction (QEC) is essential for realizing fault-tolerant quantum computation. Current QEC controllers execute all scheduled syndrome (parity-bit) measurement rounds before decoding, even when early syndrome data indicates…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-20 Sanidhay Bhambay , Prakash Murali , Neil Walton , Thirupathaiah Vasantam

Efficient and accurate decoding of quantum error-correcting codes is essential for fault-tolerant quantum computation, however, it is challenging due to the degeneracy of errors, the complex code topology, and the large space for logical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-28 Hanyan Cao , Feng Pan , Dongyang Feng , Yijia Wang , Pan Zhang

Quantum error correction provides a path to reach practical quantum computing by combining multiple physical qubits into a logical qubit, where the logical error rate is suppressed exponentially as more qubits are added. However, this…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-08 Rajeev Acharya , Laleh Aghababaie-Beni , Igor Aleiner , Trond I. Andersen , Markus Ansmann , Frank Arute , Kunal Arya , Abraham Asfaw , Nikita Astrakhantsev , Juan Atalaya , Ryan Babbush , Dave Bacon , Brian Ballard , Joseph C. Bardin , Johannes Bausch , Andreas Bengtsson , Alexander Bilmes , Sam Blackwell , Sergio Boixo , Gina Bortoli , Alexandre Bourassa , Jenna Bovaird , Leon Brill , Michael Broughton , David A. Browne , Brett Buchea , Bob B. Buckley , David A. Buell , Tim Burger , Brian Burkett , Nicholas Bushnell , Anthony Cabrera , Juan Campero , Hung-Shen Chang , Yu Chen , Zijun Chen , Ben Chiaro , Desmond Chik , Charina Chou , Jahan Claes , Agnetta Y. Cleland , Josh Cogan , Roberto Collins , Paul Conner , William Courtney , Alexander L. Crook , Ben Curtin , Sayan Das , Alex Davies , Laura De Lorenzo , Dripto M. Debroy , Sean Demura , Michel Devoret , Agustin Di Paolo , Paul Donohoe , Ilya Drozdov , Andrew Dunsworth , Clint Earle , Thomas Edlich , Alec Eickbusch , Aviv Moshe Elbag , Mahmoud Elzouka , Catherine Erickson , Lara Faoro , Edward Farhi , Vinicius S. Ferreira , Leslie Flores Burgos , Ebrahim Forati , Austin G. Fowler , Brooks Foxen , Suhas Ganjam , Gonzalo Garcia , Robert Gasca , Élie Genois , William Giang , Craig Gidney , Dar Gilboa , Raja Gosula , Alejandro Grajales Dau , Dietrich Graumann , Alex Greene , Jonathan A. Gross , Steve Habegger , John Hall , Michael C. Hamilton , Monica Hansen , Matthew P. Harrigan , Sean D. Harrington , Francisco J. H. Heras , Stephen Heslin , Paula Heu , Oscar Higgott , Gordon Hill , Jeremy Hilton , George Holland , Sabrina Hong , Hsin-Yuan Huang , Ashley Huff , William J. Huggins , Lev B. Ioffe , Sergei V. Isakov , Justin Iveland , Evan Jeffrey , Zhang Jiang , Cody Jones , Stephen Jordan , Chaitali Joshi , Pavol Juhas , Dvir Kafri , Hui Kang , Amir H. Karamlou , Kostyantyn Kechedzhi , Julian Kelly , Trupti Khaire , Tanuj Khattar , Mostafa Khezri , Seon Kim , Paul V. Klimov , Andrey R. Klots , Bryce Kobrin , Pushmeet Kohli , Alexander N. Korotkov , Fedor Kostritsa , Robin Kothari , Borislav Kozlovskii , John Mark Kreikebaum , Vladislav D. Kurilovich , Nathan Lacroix , David Landhuis , Tiano Lange-Dei , Brandon W. Langley , Pavel Laptev , Kim-Ming Lau , Loïck Le Guevel , Justin Ledford , Kenny Lee , Yuri D. Lensky , Shannon Leon , Brian J. Lester , Wing Yan Li , Yin Li , Alexander T. Lill , Wayne Liu , William P. Livingston , Aditya Locharla , Erik Lucero , Daniel Lundahl , Aaron Lunt , Sid Madhuk , Fionn D. Malone , Ashley Maloney , Salvatore Mandrá , Leigh S. Martin , Steven Martin , Orion Martin , Cameron Maxfield , Jarrod R. McClean , Matt McEwen , Seneca Meeks , Anthony Megrant , Xiao Mi , Kevin C. Miao , Amanda Mieszala , Reza Molavi , Sebastian Molina , Shirin Montazeri , Alexis Morvan , Ramis Movassagh , Wojciech Mruczkiewicz , Ofer Naaman , Matthew Neeley , Charles Neill , Ani Nersisyan , Hartmut Neven , Michael Newman , Jiun How Ng , Anthony Nguyen , Murray Nguyen , Chia-Hung Ni , Thomas E. O'Brien , William D. Oliver , Alex Opremcak , Kristoffer Ottosson , Andre Petukhov , Alex Pizzuto , John Platt , Rebecca Potter , Orion Pritchard , Leonid P. Pryadko , Chris Quintana , Ganesh Ramachandran , Matthew J. Reagor , David M. Rhodes , Gabrielle Roberts , Eliott Rosenberg , Emma Rosenfeld , Pedram Roushan , Nicholas C. Rubin , Negar Saei , Daniel Sank , Kannan Sankaragomathi , Kevin J. Satzinger , Henry F. Schurkus , Christopher Schuster , Andrew W. Senior , Michael J. Shearn , Aaron Shorter , Noah Shutty , Vladimir Shvarts , Shraddha Singh , Volodymyr Sivak , Jindra Skruzny , Spencer Small , Vadim Smelyanskiy , W. Clarke Smith , Rolando D. Somma , Sofia Springer , George Sterling , Doug Strain , Jordan Suchard , Aaron Szasz , Alex Sztein , Douglas Thor , Alfredo Torres , M. Mert Torunbalci , Abeer Vaishnav , Justin Vargas , Sergey Vdovichev , Guifre Vidal , Benjamin Villalonga , Catherine Vollgraff Heidweiller , Steven Waltman , Shannon X. Wang , Brayden Ware , Kate Weber , Theodore White , Kristi Wong , Bryan W. K. Woo , Cheng Xing , Z. Jamie Yao , Ping Yeh , Bicheng Ying , Juhwan Yoo , Noureldin Yosri , Grayson Young , Adam Zalcman , Yaxing Zhang , Ningfeng Zhu , Nicholas Zobrist

Quantum error correction is rapidly seeing first experimental implementations, but there is a significant gap between asymptotically optimal error-correcting codes and codes that are experimentally feasible. Quantum LDPC codes range from…

Low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes together with belief propagation (BP) decoding yield exceptional error correction capabilities in the large block length regime. Yet, there remains a gap between BP decoding and maximum likelihood…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Jonathan Mandelbaum , Holger Jäkel , Laurent Schmalen

Decoding Bivariate Bicycle (BB) quantum error correction codes typically requires Belief Propagation (BP) followed by Ordered Statistics Decoding (OSD) post-processing when BP fails to converge. Whether BP will converge on a given syndrome…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-10 Anton Pakhunov

Quantum error correction codes (QECCs) are critical for realizing reliable quantum computing by protecting fragile quantum states against noise and errors. However, limited research has analyzed the noise resilience of QECCs to help select…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-22 Avimita Chatterjee , Subrata Das , Swaroop Ghosh

Quantum error correction (QEC) is essential for operating quantum computers in the presence of noise. Here, we accurately decode arbitrary Calderbank-Shor-Steane (CSS) codes via the maximum satisfiability (MaxSAT) problem. We show how to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-03 Mohammadreza Noormandipour , Tobias Haug

Quantum error correction (QEC) is an essential step towards realising scalable quantum computers. Theoretically, it is possible to achieve arbitrarily long protection of quantum information from corruption due to decoherence or imperfect…

The development and use of large-scale quantum computers relies on integrating quantum error-correcting (QEC) schemes into the quantum computing pipeline. A fundamental part of the QEC protocol is the decoding of the syndrome to identify a…

Quantum computers have the potential to solve certain complex problems in a much more efficient way than classical computers. Nevertheless, current quantum computer implementations are limited by high physical error rates. This issue is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-29 Alessio Cicero , Luigi Altamura , Moritz Lange , Mats Granath , Pedro Trancoso

Quantum low-density parity-check (QLDPC) codes are a leading approach to quantum error correction, yet conventional belief propagation (BP) decoders often perform poorly, primarily due to non-convergence exacerbated by stabilizer…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Mohsen Moradi , Salman Habib , Vahid Nourozi , David G. M. Mitchell

Practical quantum computing will require error rates that are well below what is achievable with physical qubits. Quantum error correction offers a path to algorithmically-relevant error rates by encoding logical qubits within many physical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-08 Rajeev Acharya , Igor Aleiner , Richard Allen , Trond I. Andersen , Markus Ansmann , Frank Arute , Kunal Arya , Abraham Asfaw , Juan Atalaya , Ryan Babbush , Dave Bacon , Joseph C. Bardin , Joao Basso , Andreas Bengtsson , Sergio Boixo , Gina Bortoli , Alexandre Bourassa , Jenna Bovaird , Leon Brill , Michael Broughton , Bob B. Buckley , David A. Buell , Tim Burger , Brian Burkett , Nicholas Bushnell , Yu Chen , Zijun Chen , Ben Chiaro , Josh Cogan , Roberto Collins , Paul Conner , William Courtney , Alexander L. Crook , Ben Curtin , Dripto M. Debroy , Alexander Del Toro Barba , Sean Demura , Andrew Dunsworth , Daniel Eppens , Catherine Erickson , Lara Faoro , Edward Farhi , Reza Fatemi , Leslie Flores Burgos , Ebrahim Forati , Austin G. Fowler , Brooks Foxen , William Giang , Craig Gidney , Dar Gilboa , Marissa Giustina , Alejandro Grajales Dau , Jonathan A. Gross , Steve Habegger , Michael C. Hamilton , Matthew P. Harrigan , Sean D. Harrington , Oscar Higgott , Jeremy Hilton , Markus Hoffmann , Sabrina Hong , Trent Huang , Ashley Huff , William J. Huggins , Lev B. Ioffe , Sergei V. Isakov , Justin Iveland , Evan Jeffrey , Zhang Jiang , Cody Jones , Pavol Juhas , Dvir Kafri , Kostyantyn Kechedzhi , Julian Kelly , Tanuj Khattar , Mostafa Khezri , Mária Kieferová , Seon Kim , Alexei Kitaev , Paul V. Klimov , Andrey R. Klots , Alexander N. Korotkov , Fedor Kostritsa , John Mark Kreikebaum , David Landhuis , Pavel Laptev , Kim-Ming Lau , Lily Laws , Joonho Lee , Kenny Lee , Brian J. Lester , Alexander Lill , Wayne Liu , Aditya Locharla , Erik Lucero , Fionn D. Malone , Jeffrey Marshall , Orion Martin , Jarrod R. McClean , Trevor Mccourt , Matt McEwen , Anthony Megrant , Bernardo Meurer Costa , Xiao Mi , Kevin C. Miao , Masoud Mohseni , Shirin Montazeri , Alexis Morvan , Emily Mount , Wojciech Mruczkiewicz , Ofer Naaman , Matthew Neeley , Charles Neill , Ani Nersisyan , Hartmut Neven , Michael Newman , Jiun How Ng , Anthony Nguyen , Murray Nguyen , Murphy Yuezhen Niu , Thomas E. O'Brien , Alex Opremcak , John Platt , Andre Petukhov , Rebecca Potter , Leonid P. Pryadko , Chris Quintana , Pedram Roushan , Nicholas C. Rubin , Negar Saei , Daniel Sank , Kannan Sankaragomathi , Kevin J. Satzinger , Henry F. Schurkus , Christopher Schuster , Michael J. Shearn , Aaron Shorter , Vladimir Shvarts , Jindra Skruzny , Vadim Smelyanskiy , W. Clarke Smith , George Sterling , Doug Strain , Marco Szalay , Alfredo Torres , Guifre Vidal , Benjamin Villalonga , Catherine Vollgraff Heidweiller , Theodore White , Cheng Xing , Z. Jamie Yao , Ping Yeh , Juhwan Yoo , Grayson Young , Adam Zalcman , Yaxing Zhang , Ningfeng Zhu
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