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Bilevel optimization has found extensive applications in modern machine learning problems such as hyperparameter optimization, neural architecture search, meta-learning, etc. While bilevel problems with a unique inner minimal point (e.g.,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-06-09 Daouda Sow , Kaiyi Ji , Ziwei Guan , Yingbin Liang

Combinatorial Optimization (CO) has been a long-standing challenging research topic featured by its NP-hard nature. Traditionally such problems are approximately solved with heuristic algorithms which are usually fast but may sacrifice the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-26 Runzhong Wang , Zhigang Hua , Gan Liu , Jiayi Zhang , Junchi Yan , Feng Qi , Shuang Yang , Jun Zhou , Xiaokang Yang

In recent years, a variety of gradient-based first-order methods have been developed to solve bi-level optimization problems for learning applications. However, theoretical guarantees of these existing approaches heavily rely on the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-03 Risheng Liu , Pan Mu , Xiaoming Yuan , Shangzhi Zeng , Jin Zhang

Bayesian optimization (BO) struggles in high dimensions, where Gaussian-process surrogates demand heavy retraining and brittle assumptions, slowing progress on real engineering and design problems. We introduce GIT-BO, a Gradient-Informed…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Rosen Ting-Ying Yu , Cyril Picard , Faez Ahmed

Bilevel optimization is a popular hierarchical model in machine learning, and has been widely applied to many machine learning tasks such as meta learning, hyperparameter learning and policy optimization. Although many bilevel optimization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-15 Feihu Huang

Large language model (LLM) unlearning aims to surgically remove the influence of undesired data or knowledge from an existing model while preserving its utility on unrelated tasks. This paradigm has shown promise in addressing privacy and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Yicheng Lang , Yihua Zhang , Chongyu Fan , Changsheng Wang , Jinghan Jia , Sijia Liu

Particle accelerator operation requires simultaneous optimization of multiple objectives. Multi-Objective Optimization (MOO) is particularly challenging due to trade-offs between the objectives. Evolutionary algorithms, such as genetic…

The development of artificial intelligence (AI) for science has led to the emergence of learning-based research paradigms, necessitating a compelling reevaluation of the design of multi-objective optimization (MOO) methods. The new…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-02 Linxi Yang , Xinmin Yang , Liping Tang

Bilevel optimization, addressing challenges in hierarchical learning tasks, has gained significant interest in machine learning. The practical implementation of the gradient descent method to bilevel optimization encounters computational…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Sheng Fang , Yong-Jin Liu , Wei Yao , Chengming Yu , Jin Zhang

Neural network optimization remains one of the most consequential yet poorly understood challenges in modern AI research, where improvements in training algorithms can lead to enhanced feature learning in foundation models,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Ansh Nagwekar

Stochastic bilevel optimization (SBO) has been integrated into many machine learning paradigms recently, including hyperparameter optimization, meta learning, and reinforcement learning. Along with the wide range of applications, there have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Xuelin Zhang , Hong Chen , Bin Gu , Tieliang Gong , Feng Zheng

Two-time-scale optimization is a framework introduced in Zeng et al. (2024) that abstracts a range of policy evaluation and policy optimization problems in reinforcement learning (RL). Akin to bi-level optimization under a particular type…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-01-21 Sihan Zeng , Thinh T. Doan

Online bilevel optimization (OBO) is a powerful framework for machine learning problems where both outer and inner objectives evolve over time, requiring dynamic updates. Current OBO approaches rely on deterministic \textit{window-smoothed}…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Parvin Nazari , Bojian Hou , Davoud Ataee Tarzanagh , Li Shen , George Michailidis

Algorithm unrolling has emerged as a learning-based optimization paradigm that unfolds truncated iterative algorithms in trainable neural-network optimizers. We introduce Stochastic UnRolled Federated learning (SURF), a method that expands…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-08 Samar Hadou , Navid NaderiAlizadeh , Alejandro Ribeiro

We introduce a framework based on bilevel programming that unifies gradient-based hyperparameter optimization and meta-learning. We show that an approximate version of the bilevel problem can be solved by taking into explicit account the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-07-04 Luca Franceschi , Paolo Frasconi , Saverio Salzo , Riccardo Grazzi , Massimilano Pontil

In modern decentralized applications, ensuring communication efficiency and privacy for the users are the key challenges. In order to train machine-learning models, the algorithm has to communicate to the data center and sample data for its…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-04-04 Hoang Huy Nguyen , Yan Li , Tuo Zhao

Bilevel optimization enjoys a wide range of applications in emerging machine learning and signal processing problems such as hyper-parameter optimization, image reconstruction, meta-learning, adversarial training, and reinforcement…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-08 Han Shen , Quan Xiao , Tianyi Chen

Efficient optimization remains a fundamental challenge across numerous scientific and engineering domains, especially when objective function and gradient evaluations are computationally expensive. While zeroth-order optimization methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Nuojin Cheng , Alireza Doostan , Stephen Becker

Bilevel optimization aims to optimize an outer objective function that depends on the solution to an inner optimization problem. It is routinely used in Machine Learning, notably for hyperparameter tuning. The conventional method to compute…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-27 Zhenzhang Ye , Gabriel Peyré , Daniel Cremers , Pierre Ablin

Zeroth-order optimization is the process of minimizing an objective $f(x)$, given oracle access to evaluations at adaptively chosen inputs $x$. In this paper, we present two simple yet powerful GradientLess Descent (GLD) algorithms that do…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-05-20 Daniel Golovin , John Karro , Greg Kochanski , Chansoo Lee , Xingyou Song , Qiuyi Zhang