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A quantum network promises to enable long distance quantum communication, and assemble small quantum devices into a large quantum computing cluster. Each network node can thereby be seen as a small few qubit quantum computer. Qubits can be…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2016-10-18 Eddie Schoute , Laura Mancinska , Tanvirul Islam , Iordanis Kerenidis , Stephanie Wehner

Entanglement, one of the clearest manifestations of non-classical physics, holds significant promise for technological applications such as more secure communications and faster computations. In this paper we explore the use of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-14 Karl Pelka , Matteo Aquilina , André Xuereb

Quantum networks are gaining momentum in finding applications in a wide range of domains. However, little research has investigated the potential of a quantum network framework to enable highly reliable communications. The goal of this work…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2022-07-26 Tu N. Nguyen , Kashyab J. Ambarani , Linh Le , Ivan Djordjevic , Zhi-Li Zhang

We present a static framework for analysing quantum routing protocols that we call the \textit{cost-vector formalism}. Here, quantum networks are recast as multi-graphs where edges represent two-qubit entanglement resources that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-04 Hudson Leone , Nathaniel R. Miller , Deepesh Singh , Nathan K. Langford , Peter P. Rohde

Quantum computers face inherent scaling challenges, a fact that necessitates investigation of distributed quantum computing systems, whereby scaling is achieved through interconnection of smaller quantum processing units. However,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-21 Felix Burt , Kuan-Cheng Chen , Kin K. Leung

There will be a fast-paced shift from conventional network systems to novel quantum networks that are supported by the quantum entanglement and teleportation, key technologies of the quantum era, to enable secured data transmissions in the…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2022-07-26 Tu N. Nguyen , Dung H. P. Nguyen , Dang H. Pham , Bing-Hong Liu , Hoa N. Nguyen

Quantum networks are becoming increasingly important because of advancements in quantum computing and quantum sensing, such as recent developments in distributed quantum computing and federated quantum machine learning. Routing entanglement…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-13 Tobias Meuser , Jannis Weil , Aninda Lahiri , Marius Paraschiv

Quantum repeater networks are a fundamental of any future quantum Internet and long-distance quantum communications. The entangled quantum nodes can communicate through several different levels of entanglement, leading to a heterogeneous,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-08-24 Laszlo Gyongyosi , Sandor Imre

We introduce a mapping between graphs and pure quantum bipartite states and show that the associated entanglement entropy conveys non-trivial information about the structure of the graph. Our primary goal is to investigate the family of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-02-24 Silvano Garnerone , Paolo Giorda , Paolo Zanardi

Quantum networks are composed of nodes which can send and receive quantum states by exchanging photons. Their goal is to facilitate quantum communication between any nodes, something which can be used to send secret messages in a secure…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-26 Antonio Acin , J. Ignacio Cirac , Maciej Lewenstein

In entanglement distribution networks, communication between two nodes necessitates the generation of end-to-end entanglement by entanglement swapping at intermediate nodes. Efficiently creating end-to-end entanglements over long distances…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Zebo Yang , Ali Ghubaish , Raj Jain , Ramana Kompella , Hassan Shapourian

We present an approach to purification and entanglement routing on complex quantum network architectures, that is, how a quantum network equipped with imperfect channel fidelities and limited memory storage time can distribute entanglement…

Quantum networks with bipartite resources and shared randomness present the simplest infrastructure for implementing a future quantum internet. Here, we shall investigate which kinds of entanglement can or cannot be generated from this kind…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-13 Xiang Zhou , Zhen-Peng Xu , Liang-Liang Sun , Chunfeng Wu , Sixia Yu

The quantum internet holds transformative potential for global communication by harnessing the principles of quantum information processing. Despite significant advancements in quantum communication technologies, the efficient distribution…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-06 Lamarana Jallow , Majid Iqbal Khan

Entanglement is a fundamental resource for many applications in quantum information processing. Here, we investigate how quantum transport in simple quantum graphs, modeled as controlled two-level quantum systems, can be utilized to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-24 Alison A. Silva , D. Bazeia , Fabiano M. Andrade

Classification of entanglement is an important problem in Quantum Resource Theory. In this paper we discuss an embedding of this problem in the context of Topological Quantum Field Theories (TQFT). This approach allows classifying…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-06-21 Dmitry Melnikov

A quantum internet aims at harnessing networked quantum technologies, namely by distributing bipartite entanglement between distant nodes. However, multipartite entanglement between the nodes may empower the quantum internet for additional…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-02-13 Luís Bugalho , Bruno C. Coutinho , Francisco A. Monteiro , Yasser Omar

We consider the problem of multi-path entanglement distribution to a pair of nodes in a quantum network consisting of devices with non-deterministic entanglement swapping capabilities. Multi-path entanglement distribution enables a network…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-21 Gayane Vardoyan , Emily van Milligen , Saikat Guha , Stephanie Wehner , Don Towsley

We develop new routing algorithms for a quantum network with noisy quantum devices such that each can store a small number of qubits. We thereby consider two models for the operation of such a network. The first is a continuous model, in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-07-29 Kaushik Chakraborty , Filip Rozpedek , Axel Dahlberg , Stephanie Wehner

The topology of classical networks is determined by physical links between nodes, and after a network request the links are used to establish the desired connections. Quantum networks offer the possibility to generate different kinds of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-02-15 Jorge Miguel-Ramiro , Alexander Pirker , Wolfgang Dür