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The rapid evolution of Multi-modality Large Language Models (MLLMs) has catalyzed a shift in computer vision from specialized models to general-purpose foundation models. Nevertheless, there is still an inadequacy in assessing the abilities…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-02 Haoning Wu , Zicheng Zhang , Erli Zhang , Chaofeng Chen , Liang Liao , Annan Wang , Chunyi Li , Wenxiu Sun , Qiong Yan , Guangtao Zhai , Weisi Lin

We propose RocketScience, an open-source contrastive VLM benchmark that tests for spatial relation understanding. It is comprised of entirely new real-world image-text pairs covering mostly relative spatial understanding and the order of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Nils Hoehing , Mayug Maniparambil , Ellen Rushe , Noel E. O'Connor , Anthony Ventresque

Humans can perceive and reason about spatial relationships from sequential visual observations, such as egocentric video streams. However, how pretrained models acquire such abilities, especially high-level reasoning, remains unclear. This…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-18 Baining Zhao , Ziyou Wang , Jianjie Fang , Chen Gao , Fanhang Man , Jinqiang Cui , Xin Wang , Xinlei Chen , Yong Li , Wenwu Zhu

Large language models (LLMs) are deployed on increasingly complex tasks that require multi-step decision-making. Understanding their algorithmic reasoning abilities is therefore crucial. However, we lack a diagnostic benchmark for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Yu He , Yingxi Li , Colin White , Ellen Vitercik

Architectural spatial intelligence, the ability to recognize and infer architectural space, is fundamental to tasks such as robot navigation, embodied interaction, and 3D scene understanding and generation. Although extensive research has…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Qirui Shen , Wenda Wang , Jiachen Lu , Zilong Huang , Jin Bai , Lei He , Hongxuan Chen , Weixin Huang

Spatial reasoning ability is crucial for Vision Language Models (VLMs) to support real-world applications in diverse domains including robotics, augmented reality, and autonomous navigation. Unfortunately, existing benchmarks are inadequate…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Xinmiao Huang , Qisong He , Zhenglin Huang , Boxuan Wang , Zhuoyun Li , Guangliang Cheng , Yi Dong , Xiaowei Huang

Can Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) develop an intuitive number sense similar to humans? Targeting this problem, we introduce Visual Number Benchmark (VisNumBench) to evaluate the number sense abilities of MLLMs across a wide range…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-01 Tengjin Weng , Jingyi Wang , Wenhao Jiang , Zhong Ming

Vision language models (VLMs) can simultaneously reason about images and texts to tackle many tasks, from visual question answering to image captioning. This paper focuses on map parsing, a novel task that is unexplored within the VLM…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-11-26 David DeFazio , Hrudayangam Mehta , Meng Wang , Ping Yang , Jeremy Blackburn , Shiqi Zhang

Large Video-Language Models (Video-LMs) have achieved impressive progress in multimodal understanding, yet their reasoning remains weakly grounded in space and time. We present Know-Show, a new benchmark designed to evaluate spatio-temporal…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Chinthani Sugandhika , Chen Li , Deepu Rajan , Basura Fernando

As Vision-Language Models (VLMs) grow in sophistication, their ability to perform reasoning is coming under increasing supervision. While they excel at many tasks, their grasp of fundamental scientific principles, such as physics, remains…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-11 Pranav Pawar , Kavish Shah , Akshat Bhalani , Komal Kasat , Dev Mittal , Hadi Gala , Deepali Patil , Nikita Raichada , Monali Deshmukh

Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) such as GPT-4V and LLaVA have shown remarkable capabilities in visual reasoning with common image styles. However, their robustness against diverse style shifts, crucial for practical applications, remains…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-07 Rizhao Cai , Zirui Song , Dayan Guan , Zhenhao Chen , Xing Luo , Chenyu Yi , Alex Kot

Vision language models (VLMs) perform well on many tasks but often fail at spatial reasoning, which is essential for navigation and interaction with physical environments. Many spatial reasoning tasks depend on fundamental two-dimensional…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Yihong Tang , Ao Qu , Zhaokai Wang , Dingyi Zhuang , Zhaofeng Wu , Wei Ma , Shenhao Wang , Yunhan Zheng , Zhan Zhao , Jinhua Zhao

Robot vision has greatly benefited from advancements in multimodal fusion techniques and vision-language models (VLMs). We adopt a task-oriented perspective to systematically review the applications and advancements of multimodal fusion…

We introduce MuirBench, a comprehensive benchmark that focuses on robust multi-image understanding capabilities of multimodal LLMs. MuirBench consists of 12 diverse multi-image tasks (e.g., scene understanding, ordering) that involve 10…

With the increasing integration of visual and textual content in Social Networking Services (SNS), evaluating the multimodal capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) is crucial for enhancing user experience, content understanding, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Hongcheng Guo , Zheyong Xie , Shaosheng Cao , Boyang Wang , Weiting Liu , Anjie Le , Lei Li , Zhoujun Li

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) are proficient in perception and instruction-following, but they still struggle with spatial reasoning: the ability to mentally track and manipulate objects across multiple views and over time.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Ryan Spencer , Roey Yaari , Ritvik Vemavarapu , Joyce Yang , Steven Ngo , Utkarsh Sharma

Video spatial reasoning, which involves inferring the underlying spatial structure from observed video frames, poses a significant challenge for existing Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs). This limitation stems primarily from 1) the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Kun Ouyang , Yuanxin Liu , Haoning Wu , Yi Liu , Hao Zhou , Jie Zhou , Fandong Meng , Xu Sun

Recent advancements in Vision Language Models (VLMs) have expanded their capabilities to interactive agent tasks, yet existing benchmarks remain limited to single-agent or text-only environments. In contrast, real-world scenarios often…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Zelai Xu , Zhexuan Xu , Xiangmin Yi , Huining Yuan , Mo Guang , Kaiwen Long , Xinlei Chen , Yi Wu , Chao Yu , Yu Wang

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) and vision-language models (LVLMs) have shown promise across many tasks, yet their scientific reasoning capabilities remain untested, particularly in multimodal settings. We present…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Xinwu Ye , Chengfan Li , Siming Chen , Wei Wei , Xiangru Tang

3D spatial understanding is essential in real-world applications such as robotics, autonomous vehicles, virtual reality, and medical imaging. Recently, Large Language Models (LLMs), having demonstrated remarkable success across various…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Jirong Zha , Yuxuan Fan , Xiao Yang , Chen Gao , Xinlei Chen