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Graph-structured data is foundational to numerous web applications, and watermarking is crucial for protecting their intellectual property and ensuring data provenance. Existing watermarking methods primarily operate on graph structures or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Jiasen Li , Yanwei Liu , Zhuoyi Shang , Xiaoyan Gu , Weiping Wang

Self-supervised models are increasingly prevalent in machine learning (ML) since they reduce the need for expensively labeled data. Because of their versatility in downstream applications, they are increasingly used as a service exposed via…

Large pre-trained language models (PLMs) have proven to be a crucial component of modern natural language processing systems. PLMs typically need to be fine-tuned on task-specific downstream datasets, which makes it hard to claim the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-13 Chenxi Gu , Chengsong Huang , Xiaoqing Zheng , Kai-Wei Chang , Cho-Jui Hsieh

With the application of vertical domain pre-trained language models (VPLMs) in specialized fields such as medical, finance, and law, model parameters and inference capabilities have become important digital assets. Achieving traceable…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Cong Kong , Xin Cheng , Zhaoxia Yin , Shuai Li , Jie Zhang , Weiming Zhang

Invisible watermarking for autoregressive (AR) image generation has recently gained attention as a means of protecting image ownership and tracing AI-generated content. However, existing approaches suffer from three key limitations: (1)…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Yigit Yilmaz , Elena Petrova , Mehmet Kaya , Lucia Rossi , Amir Rahman

We introduce models and algorithmic foundations for graph watermarking. Our frameworks include security definitions and proofs, as well as characterizations when graph watermarking is algorithmically feasible, in spite of the fact that the…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2016-06-01 David Eppstein , Michael T. Goodrich , Jenny Lam , Nil Mamano , Michael Mitzenmacher , Manuel Torres

Watermarking has emerged as a promising technique for detecting texts generated by LLMs. Current research has primarily focused on three design criteria: high quality of the watermarked text, high detectability, and robustness against…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-11 Li An , Yujian Liu , Yepeng Liu , Yang Zhang , Yuheng Bu , Shiyu Chang

Digital contents have grown dramatically in recent years, leading to increased attention to copyright. Image watermarking has been considered one of the most popular methods for copyright protection. With the recent advancements in applying…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2021-05-25 Maedeh Jamali , Nader Karim , Pejman Khadivi , Shahram Shirani , Shadrokh Samavi

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are increasingly deployed in real-world applications, making ownership verification critical to protect their intellectual property against model theft. Fingerprinting and black-box watermarking are two main…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-25 Tingzhi Li , Xuefeng Liu , Jing Lei , Xingang Zhang

The rise of generative neural networks has triggered an increased demand for intellectual property (IP) protection in generated content. Deep watermarking techniques, recognized for their flexibility in IP protection, have garnered…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-02-27 Biqing Qi , Junqi Gao , Yiang Luo , Jianxing Liu , Ligang Wu , Bowen Zhou

Self-supervised learning in computer vision aims to pre-train an image encoder using a large amount of unlabeled images or (image, text) pairs. The pre-trained image encoder can then be used as a feature extractor to build downstream…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-08-03 Jinyuan Jia , Yupei Liu , Neil Zhenqiang Gong

The proliferation of open-source code and large language models (LLMs) for code generation has amplified the risks of unauthorized reuse and intellectual property infringement. Source code watermarking offers a potential solution, yet…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Rui Xu , Jiawei Chen , Weizhi Liu , Zhaoxia Yin , Cong Kong , Xinpeng Zhang

Federated learning (FL) allows multiple participants to collaboratively build deep learning (DL) models without directly sharing data. Consequently, the issue of copyright protection in FL becomes important since unreliable participants may…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-03-06 Wenyuan Yang , Shuo Shao , Yue Yang , Xiyao Liu , Ximeng Liu , Zhihua Xia , Gerald Schaefer , Hui Fang

Deepfake technology poses increasing risks such as privacy invasion and identity theft. To address these threats, we propose WaveGuard, a proactive watermarking framework that enhances robustness and imperceptibility via frequency-domain…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Ziyuan He , Zhiqing Guo , Liejun Wang , Gaobo Yang , Yunfeng Diao , Dan Ma

The intellectual property of deep image-to-image models can be protected by the so-called box-free watermarking. It uses an encoder and a decoder, respectively, to embed into and extract from the model's output images invisible copyright…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Haonan An , Guang Hua , Zhengru Fang , Guowen Xu , Susanto Rahardja , Yuguang Fang

Federated Language Model (FedLM) allows a collaborative learning without sharing raw data, yet it introduces a critical vulnerability, as every untrustworthy client may leak the received functional model instance. Current watermarking…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Haodong Zhao , Jinming Hu , Yijie Bai , Tian Dong , Wei Du , Zhuosheng Zhang , Yanjiao Chen , Haojin Zhu , Gongshen Liu

Digital watermarking is extensively used in ownership authentication and copyright protection. In this paper, we propose an efficient thresholding scheme to improve the watermark embedding procedure in an image. For the proposed algorithm,…

This paper investigates a secure blind watermarking scheme. The main idea of the scheme not only protects the watermark information but also the embedding positions. To achieve a higher level of security, we propose a sub key generation…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-09-01 Lei Chen , Shihong Wang

We revisit watermarking techniques based on pre-trained deep networks, in the light of self-supervised approaches. We present a way to embed both marks and binary messages into their latent spaces, leveraging data augmentation at marking…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-24 Pierre Fernandez , Alexandre Sablayrolles , Teddy Furon , Hervé Jégou , Matthijs Douze

The success of deep learning notoriously requires larger amounts of costly annotated data. This has led to the development of self-supervised learning (SSL) that aims to alleviate this limitation by creating domain specific pretext tasks on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-19 Wei Jin , Tyler Derr , Haochen Liu , Yiqi Wang , Suhang Wang , Zitao Liu , Jiliang Tang