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While research of reinforcement learning applied to financial markets predominantly concentrates on finding optimal behaviours, it is worth to realize that the reinforcement learning returns $G_t$ and state value functions themselves are of…

Statistical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2024-05-21 Colin D. Grab

This paper considers the hidden-action model of the principal-agent problem, in which a principal incentivizes an agent to work on a project using a contract. We investigate whether contracts with bounded payments are learnable and…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-02-23 Yurong Chen , Zhaohua Chen , Xiaotie Deng , Zhiyi Huang

The problem of reinforcement learning is considered where the environment or the model undergoes a change. An algorithm is proposed that an agent can apply in such a problem to achieve the optimal long-time discounted reward. The algorithm…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-04-25 Wuxia Chen , Taposh Banerjee , Jemin George , Carl Busart

Over the past decade, many dealers have implemented algorithmic models to automatically respond to RFQs and manage flows originating from their electronic platforms. In parallel, building on the foundational work of Ho and Stoll, and later…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2025-11-18 Alexander Barzykin , Philippe Bergault , Olivier Guéant , Malo Lemmel

CDS (credit default swap) contracts that were initiated some time ago frequently have spreads and/or maturities that are not available on the current market of CDSs, and are thus illiquid. This article introduces an incomplete-market…

Pricing of Securities · Quantitative Finance 2014-03-07 Michael B. Walker

Reinforcement learning agents for portfolio management are typically trained and deployed as static policies, with no mechanism for using price forecasts at inference time. We propose $\text{FPILOT}$ (**Fin**ancial **P**lugin…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Eun Go , Rohan Deb , Arindam Banerjee

Investors try to predict returns of financial assets to make successful investment. Many quantitative analysts have used machine learning-based methods to find unknown profitable market rules from large amounts of market data. However,…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2020-12-21 Katsuya Ito , Kentaro Minami , Kentaro Imajo , Kei Nakagawa

Straddle Option is a financial trading tool that explores volatility premiums in high-volatility markets without predicting price direction. Although deep reinforcement learning has emerged as a powerful approach to trading automation in…

General Finance · Quantitative Finance 2025-09-11 Yiran Wan , Xinyu Ying , Shengzhen Xu

The paper explores the application of a continuous action space soft actor-critic (SAC) reinforcement learning model to the area of automated market-making. The reinforcement learning agent receives a simulated flow of client trades, thus…

Pricing of Securities · Quantitative Finance 2020-08-28 Alexey Bakshaev

The increase in renewable energy on the consumer side gives place to new dynamics in the energy grids. Participants in a microgrid can produce energy and trade it with their peers (peer-to-peer) with the permission of the energy provider.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-26 Nicolas Avila , Shahad Hardan , Elnura Zhalieva , Moayad Aloqaily , Mohsen Guizani

As intelligent trading agents based on reinforcement learning (RL) gain prevalence, it becomes more important to ensure that RL agents obey laws, regulations, and human behavioral expectations. There is substantial literature concerning the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-12 David Byrd

Reinforcement learning has traditionally been studied with exponential discounting or the average reward setup, mainly due to their mathematical tractability. However, such frameworks fall short of accurately capturing human behavior, which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-18 S. R. Eshwar , Mayank Motwani , Nibedita Roy , Gugan Thoppe

To assign a value to a portfolio, it is common to use Mark-to-Market prices. However, how should one proceed when the securities are illiquid? When transaction prices are scarce, how can one use all the available real-time information? In…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2024-06-21 Philippe Bergault , Olivier Guéant

This paper focuses on a decentralized profit-center firm that uses negotiated transfer pricing as an instrument to coordinate the production process. Moreover, the firm's headquarters gives its divisions full authority over operating…

General Economics · Economics 2023-03-28 Christian Mitsch

This paper studies the optimal dividend problem with a bounded payout rate in a partially observed regime-switching diffusion model, where, in practice, the market regime is unobserved and key model parameters are unknown. To address this…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-01-29 Zhongqin Gao , Yan Lv , Jingmin He

Reinforcement Learning has emerged as a promising framework for developing adaptive and data-driven strategies, enabling market makers to optimize decision-making policies based on interactions with the limit order book environment. This…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2026-02-17 Rafael Zimmer , Oswaldo Luiz do Valle Costa

Execution algorithms are vital to modern trading, they enable market participants to execute large orders while minimising market impact and transaction costs. As these algorithms grow more sophisticated, optimising them becomes…

Computational Finance · Quantitative Finance 2025-10-28 Ollie Olby , Andreea Bacalum , Rory Baggott , Namid Stillman

We propose a mean field control game model for the intra-and-inter-bank borrowing and lending problem. This framework allows to study the competitive game arising between groups of collaborative banks. The solution is provided in terms of…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-07-08 Andrea Angiuli , Nils Detering , Jean-Pierre Fouque , Mathieu Laurière , Jimin Lin

Recently, reinforcement learning has achieved remarkable results in various domains, including robotics, games, natural language processing, and finance. In the financial domain, this approach has been applied to tasks such as portfolio…

Computational Finance · Quantitative Finance 2025-08-07 Caio de Souza Barbosa Costa , Anna Helena Reali Costa

In this paper, we propose an alternative valuation approach for CAT bonds where a pricing formula is learned by deep neural networks. Once trained, these networks can be used to price CAT bonds as a function of inputs that reflect both the…

Pricing of Securities · Quantitative Finance 2025-10-01 Julian Sester , Huansang Xu
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